{"id":5242,"date":"2019-02-13T06:14:25","date_gmt":"2019-02-13T03:14:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.internationaljournalists.org\/?p=1014"},"modified":"2019-02-13T06:14:25","modified_gmt":"2019-02-13T03:14:25","slug":"en-cok-ovulen-ve-hakarete-ugrayan-meslek-gazetecilik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/internationaljournalists.org\/tr\/en-cok-ovulen-ve-hakarete-ugrayan-meslek-gazetecilik\/","title":{"rendered":"En \u00e7ok \u00f6v\u00fclen ve hakarete u\u011frayan meslek: Gazetecilik"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le Monde\u2019dan Jean-Baptiste de Montvalon\u2019un Fransa\u2019y\u0131 merkeze alarak gazetecili\u011fin tarihini \u00f6zetledi\u011fi yaz\u0131s\u0131<\/a> 24 Ocak 2019\u2019da yay\u0131nland\u0131 ve Onur B\u00fclb\u00fcl taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7evrildi.<\/p>\n

1631\u2019deki resm\u00ee kurulu\u015f tarihinden bu yana gazetecilik hem de\u011fer verilen hem de hakaret g\u00f6ren bir meslek olmu\u015ftur. \u0130lk gazetelerden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz sosyal a\u011flar\u0131na kadar gazetecili\u011fin tarihi asl\u0131nda g\u00fcven duymaman\u0131n tarihidir.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130\u015fbirlik\u00e7i gazeteciler!\u201d <\/em>Sar\u0131 Yelekliler taraf\u0131ndan Paris\u2019teki eylemlerde gazetecilerin \u00f6n\u00fcnde at\u0131lan bu slogan aynen bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlamda ta 1631\u2019de ba\u015fkentin sokaklar\u0131nda yank\u0131lanabilirdi. \u015e\u00f6yle bir g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fczde canland\u0131ral\u0131m: La Gazette <\/em>(Fransa\u2019da 1631 y\u0131l\u0131nda Th\u00e9ophraste Renaudot taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f gazete) sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011fram\u0131\u015f, tehdit alt\u0131nda ve patronu Renaudot, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma odas\u0131nda rehin al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f. Gazetenin \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na engel olunuyor.<\/p>\n

Fakat bunlar\u0131n hi\u00e7biri Fransa\u2019n\u0131n ilk s\u00fcreli yay\u0131n\u0131 olan La Gazette<\/em>\u2019in ba\u015f\u0131na gelmedi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc tiraj\u0131 300 ile 800 aras\u0131nda gidip gelen bu gazete, kral\u0131n imtiyaz\u0131 ile kurulmu\u015ftu yani devletin tekeline sahipti. Ayr\u0131ca Kardinal Richelieu\u2019n\u00fcn de yar\u0131 resm\u00ee yay\u0131n organ\u0131 olarak d\u00f6rt sayfa halinde \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Tam anlam\u0131yla saray\u0131n gazetesiydi. 1762 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde ise gazetenin bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dile getiriliyordu: \u201cKraliyet h\u00fckumetinin resm\u00ee organ\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

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La Gazette<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1631 y\u0131l\u0131 sembolik olarak gazetecili\u011fin do\u011fdu\u011fu y\u0131l olarak kabul edilir. Tarih\u00e7i Christian Delporte\u2019a g\u00f6re gazetecili\u011fin ilk g\u00fcnah\u0131 daha o y\u0131llarda \u201ciktidara ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 bir iktidar kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131\u201d <\/em>olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ele\u015ftiri, tarih boyunca gazetecili\u011fe y\u00f6neltilen ve hakl\u0131 kabul edilebilecek ele\u015ftirilerden sadece bir tanesidir. Robert de Jouvenel, Yolda\u015flar\u0131n Cumhuriyeti (La R\u00e9publique des camarades, <\/em>\u00e9ditions des Equateurs, 2014) kitab\u0131nda \u015fu saptamada bulunur: \u201cHi\u00e7bir meslek gazetecilik kadar \u00f6v\u00fclmemi\u015f ve gazetecilik kadar hakaret g\u00f6rmemi\u015ftir.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Gazeteciye tehdit ve sald\u0131r\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Le Monde <\/em>gazetesinin eski yay\u0131n y\u00f6netmeni Thomas Ferenczi, Fransa\u2019da Gazetecili\u011fin \u0130cad\u0131 (L\u2019Invention du journalisme en France, <\/em>Plon, 1993) kitab\u0131nda Fransa\u2019da gazetecili\u011fin 1631 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri ayn\u0131 tepkilere maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor: \u201cEle\u015ftiriler, mesle\u011fin sayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda bile durmad\u0131. Yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131lda da durum de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f de\u011fildir. Bu meslek ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki kara lekeyi h\u00e2l\u00e2 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n

Yirmi birinci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n da bu anlamda farkl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Hatta bu d\u00f6nemde \u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fc ve kayg\u0131 verici bir \u201cyenilik\u201d daha g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Gazeteciler art\u0131k sadece ele\u015ftirilmiyorlar, \u00f6zellikle protesto g\u00f6sterilerinde g\u00f6rev alan gazeteciler bazen g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7leri taraf\u0131ndan bazen de g\u00f6stericiler taraf\u0131ndan tehdit ediliyor, fiziksel sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011fruyorlar.<\/p>\n

Medyaya duyulan bu istikrarl\u0131 nefret sorgulanmaya de\u011fer bir durumdur. Bu konuya \u201ctabak sevdi\u011fi deriyi ta\u015ftan ta\u015fa \u00e7alarm\u0131\u015f\u201d tabiri uygun d\u00fc\u015fecektir. Bilginin hayati \u00f6nemi ve bilgiyi aktarmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc insanlar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r sorumlulu\u011fu bu hikayenin kaba taslak anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ana fikrini te\u015fkil ediyor. Fakat \u00f6zetle diyebiliriz ki g\u00fcvensizlik ilgisizlikten her zaman daha iyidir.<\/p>\n

Bas\u0131n, ilk zamanlar\u0131nda sadece e\u011fitimli elitlere hitap ediyordu. Elitler, bas\u0131nda krall\u0131k rejiminin bask\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle yaln\u0131zca edebiyat \u00fczerine \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler bulabiliyorlard\u0131. Gazeteye kar\u015f\u0131 ilk ve keskin ele\u015ftiri oklar\u0131 i\u015fte bu elitlerden gelmi\u015ftir. Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 filozoflar\u0131 i\u00e7in ise gazeteler sadece bilginin zay\u0131f bir yans\u0131mas\u0131yd\u0131. Filozoflar, kalem efendilerine ve kalitesiz birtak\u0131m gazetecilere h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini birka\u00e7 c\u00fcmlede vermi\u015flerdir. Bu filozoflara \u00f6rnek olarak gazeteler ve gazetecilerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsendi\u011fi, 1751 ile 1772 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda tamamlanan Diderot ve Alembert<\/em>Ansiklopedisi <\/em>yazarlar\u0131n\u0131 verebiliriz.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130yi bir gazeteci habere \u00e7abuk ula\u015f\u0131r, do\u011frulardan yana olur, taraf tutmaz, sade bir \u00fcslup ile yazar. Yani iyi gazeteciye nadiren rastlan\u0131r.\u201d<\/em>Voltaire<\/h3>\n

Ansiklopedinin gazete <\/em>ve gazeteci <\/em>maddelerinden sorumlu olan Voltaire, kesin yarg\u0131larda bulunuyordu: \u201c\u0130yi bir gazeteci habere \u00e7abuk ula\u015f\u0131r, do\u011frulardan yana olur, taraf tutmaz, sade bir \u00fcslup ile yazar. Yani iyi gazeteciye nadiren rastlan\u0131r.\u201d<\/em> Edeb\u00ee gazeteler hakk\u0131nda ise \u201cBunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu para kazanmak i\u00e7in yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. Fakat yeterince para kazanamad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ek yazarlarla \u00e7al\u0131\u015famazlar. S\u0131radan ve basit hicivler tek sermayeleridir. Sayfalar\u0131nda genellikle i\u011fren\u00e7 insanlar g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. K\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck sayesinde sat\u0131\u015f yaparlar. Ama ak\u0131l ve zevk-i selim sayesinde uzun vadede k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenmeye ve unutulmaya mahkumdurlar.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cFilizlenme ve geli\u015fim\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

Konunun daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Jean-Jacques Rousseau\u2019nun 1755 tarihinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zet gazete tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da zikredelim: \u201cKad\u0131nlara ve aptallara g\u00f6steri\u015f yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak kadar bilgiyi bar\u0131nd\u0131ran, m\u00fcnevverler taraf\u0131ndan okunmas\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenen, kaderi g\u00fcnd\u00fcz sehpan\u0131n \u00fczerinde par\u0131ldamak, gece olunca da banyo dolab\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde \u00f6l\u00fcme terk edilmek olan, de\u011fersiz, faydas\u0131z, g\u00fcnl\u00fck eser.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Kabul etmesi \u00e7ok kolay olmasa da tam anlam\u0131yla hitap etti\u011fi kitle taraf\u0131ndan hor g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir saha ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yay\u0131z. Halbuki gazete, medya tarih\u00e7isi ve Paris-XIII \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde bilgi bilimi profes\u00f6r\u00fc Claire Blandin\u2019in de belirtti\u011fi \u00fczere, on yedinci ve on sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131llarda hen\u00fcz bir siyasi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n oldu\u011fu bir yay\u0131n de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

Christian Delporte\u2019un da alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fi gibi, \u201cbas\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek do\u011fu\u015fu\u201d <\/em>Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali ile ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. Kral\u2019\u0131n Dan\u0131\u015fma Meclisi\u2019nin (Conseil d\u2019Etat du roi) <\/em>5 Temmuz 1788 tarihinde o zamanki meclisi toplant\u0131ya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmas\u0131yla birlikte s\u00fcreli yay\u0131nlarda ve tabii hiciv yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir art\u0131\u015f oldu. Jean-No\u00ebl Jeanneney, Medyan\u0131n Tarihi (Histoire des m\u00e9dias, <\/em>Seuil, 1996) kitab\u0131nda bu d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in \u201cO zamana kadar (Nazi i\u015fgalinden kurtulu\u015fta bile) g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir filizlenme ve geli\u015fimin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemdir. Krall\u0131k idaresinde sadece 36 tane olan matbaa say\u0131s\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde 200\u2019e \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d <\/em>diyor.<\/p>\n

\u201cFrans\u0131z bas\u0131n\u0131 her zaman iktidarla ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde olmu\u015ftur\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece bas\u0131n nihayet \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc teoride kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc korumak veya yeniden elde etmek i\u00e7in 1830 ve 1848\u2019de ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere pek \u00e7ok kere sava\u015f vermesi gerekmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Thomas Ferenczi, 26 A\u011fustos 1789 tarihinde son \u015fekli verilen \u0130nsan ve Vatanda\u015f Haklar\u0131 Beyannamesi\u2019nin 11. maddesine dikkat \u00e7ekiyor: \u201cD\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve kanaatlerin \u00f6zg\u00fcrce payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 insan haklar\u0131n\u0131n en k\u0131ymetlilerindendir. Yani her vatanda\u015f, kanun ile belirlenmi\u015f hallerde bu hakk\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan sorumlu olmak \u015fart\u0131yla \u00f6zg\u00fcrce konu\u015fabilir, yazabilir ve yay\u0131mlayabilir.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Gazetecilik, g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan beri iktidar ve siyaset ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp kalkmaktad\u0131r, ihtilalden bu yana bunlarla i\u00e7 i\u00e7edir. \u201c\u0130htilal, endi\u015feli ge\u00e7en uzun senelerden sonra bas\u0131n\u0131 siyasetin hizmetine sokmu\u015f ve gazeteciyi de propagandac\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u201d <\/em>diyor Thomas Ferenczi.<\/p>\n

R\u00e9volution de France et de Brabant<\/em> gazetesinin kurucusu Camille Desmoulins, bir gazeteci olarak vazifesini \u015f\u00f6yle tarif ediyor: \u201cBug\u00fcn gazeteciler savc\u0131 gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. \u0130hbar ediyorlar, karar veriyorlar, yoldan \u00e7\u0131kanlar\u0131 yola getiriyorlar, su\u00e7suz bulup serbest b\u0131rak\u0131yorlar veya mahkum ediyorlar.\u201d<\/em> Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u201cGazeteci her zaman siyaset\u00e7i rol\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcstlenmek istiyor\u201d <\/em>diyen Christian Delporte burada \u201cyay\u0131nc\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n k\u00f6klerini\u201d <\/em>buluyor: \u201cFrans\u0131z bas\u0131n\u0131 her zaman iktidarla ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde olmu\u015ftur.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Gazeteciler, yazarlar ve siyaset\u00e7iler o kadar i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015flerdir ki bu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc birbirinden ay\u0131rmak veya hangisinin hangisi \u00fczerinde etkili oldu\u011funu kestirmek ger\u00e7ekten zordur. Bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k bir anlamda i\u015fin kural\u0131d\u0131r. Pek \u00e7ok \u00f6rnekten bir tanesini zikredelim: 1836\u2019da geni\u015f kitlelere hitap eden ucuz gazete fikriyle La Presse <\/em>gazetesini kuran Emile de Girardin ayn\u0131 zamanda milletvekili ve senat\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Fakat yazarlar, her ne kadar i\u00e7lerinde bas\u0131nda yer alan hatta gazetecilik yapanlar olsa da Ayd\u0131nlanma filozoflar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7izgisinden ayr\u0131lmam\u0131\u015flar ve elitist bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla gazeteleri ele\u015ftirmeye devam etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

19. y\u00fc<\/strong>zy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda bas\u0131n sanayile\u015fmi\u015ftir<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu yazarlardan biri de Honor\u00e9 de Balzac\u2019t\u0131r (1799-1850). Gazetecilik ve gazeteciler hakk\u0131ndaki \u015fu vecizeleri ona bor\u00e7luyuz: \u201cBir gazeteci i\u00e7in her ihtimal hakikat say\u0131l\u0131r\u201d, \u201cGazetecilik, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck nefretlerle harekete ge\u00e7irilen bir manc\u0131n\u0131kt\u0131r\u201d, \u201cE\u011fer bas\u0131n var olmasayd\u0131, icat etmek gerekmezdi.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Bilhassa kendisinden beklenileni veremedi\u011fi i\u00e7in -ki bu beklentiler \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitlidir- gazetecilik hi\u00e7bir zaman itibar kazanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dcrettiklerini ele\u015ftiren ve me\u015fruiyetini sorgulayan -\u00e7o\u011fu zaman da bizzat gazetelerden gelen- sesler eksik olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu durum her zaman b\u00f6yledir. Mesle\u011fin her yenili\u011fi, \u015fiddetli ele\u015ftirileri de beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. Gazetecilerin iktidarla gizli anla\u015fma yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi baz\u0131 ele\u015ftiriler ise her zaman tekrar edilmektedir. Bunlardan bir di\u011feri de haberin yay\u0131lma h\u0131z\u0131yla ilgilidir. Telgraftan sosyal a\u011flara gelinceye kadar teknoloji geli\u015fmi\u015f fakat haberlere duyulan \u015f\u00fcphe ayn\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nihayet, on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda bas\u0131n sanayile\u015fmi\u015f, gazetelerin tirajlar\u0131 hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r derecede y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Le Matin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hakk\u0131ndaki 1881 Kanunu\u2019ndan \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra, Le Matin<\/em> gazetesi \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flar. Anglosakson modelinden esinlenen gazetede \u00f6ncelik; bilgiye, r\u00f6portaja, haberlere ve s\u00f6yle\u015filere verilmektedir. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden bu tavr\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc halk\u0131n ho\u015funa gidecek yay\u0131nlar yapmakla su\u00e7lanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Nitekim Emile Zola, 1888\u2019de La Morasse\u2019<\/em>a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ns\u00f6zde \u015f\u00f6yle demektedir: \u201cDizginlenemeyen haber ve bilgi dalgas\u0131 gazetecili\u011fin \u015feklini de\u011fi\u015ftirdi, \u00f6nemli makaleleri ve edebiyat ele\u015ftirilerini \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc; onlar\u0131n yerini her g\u00fcn biraz daha resm\u00ee yaz\u0131\u015fma, \u00f6nemli \u00f6nemsiz haberler ve muhabir tutanaklar\u0131 ald\u0131.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Yine de barda\u011f\u0131n dolu taraf\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6relim. Gazetecilik, \u00f6yle veya b\u00f6yle kendi geli\u015fmesini ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f, on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonundan itibaren de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015f bir meslektir. 1880\u2019den sonra gazeteci dernekleri de \u00e7o\u011falm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk uluslararas\u0131 bas\u0131n kongresi Londra\u2019da 1893\u2019te ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. 1899\u2019da ise Paris\u2019te bir bas\u0131n y\u00fcksekokulu kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Gazetecilik yava\u015f yava\u015f edebiyattan ve siyasetten bir \u015fekilde ayr\u0131larak m\u00fctekamil bir meslek haline gelmektedir. Fakat r\u00fc\u015fvet olaylar\u0131, gazetecilerin sat\u0131n al\u0131nabilir olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve siyasilerle yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ortakl\u0131klar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kararak gazetenin ilerleyi\u015fine engel olmaktad\u0131r. Bas\u0131n bu anlamda, Zola\u2019n\u0131n L\u2019Aurore <\/em>gazetesinde yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 me\u015fhur Su\u00e7luyorum <\/em>ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesi ile noktalanan Dreyfus olay\u0131 gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck tart\u0131\u015fmalar ve rezil entrikalara \u015fahit olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u201cRusya bor\u00e7lar\u0131 ve Panama Skandal\u0131\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tarih\u00e7i Marc Martin, 2016\u2019da Le Temps des m\u00e9dias <\/em>dergisinde yay\u0131mlanan makalesinde \u201c\u0130\u015f hayat\u0131nda d\u00f6nen para, \u00f6zellikle \u0130kinci \u0130mparatorluk d\u00f6neminden ba\u015flayarak ekonomik ve mali konularda bas\u0131n\u0131 el alt\u0131ndan daima desteklemi\u015ftir\u201d <\/em>dedikten sonra ekliyor: \u201cBu hakikat tarihimize iki temel hadiseyle per\u00e7inlenmi\u015ftir. Birincisi on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonundaki Panama Skandal\u0131, di\u011feri ise 1923 ve 1924\u2019te ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya h\u00fckumetinin bor\u00e7lar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131rken Paris gazetelerine para g\u00f6ndermesidir.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Birincisinde, Okyanuslararas\u0131 Panama Kanal\u0131 \u015eirketi\u2019nin nas\u0131l gizli anla\u015fmalar ve r\u00fc\u015fvetlerle sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 1892\u2019de Edouard Drumont\u2019un gazetesi La Libre Parole\u2019<\/em>de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kas\u0131m 1923\u2019te ise L\u2019Humanit\u00e9 <\/em>gazetesi okurlar\u0131na \u201cRusya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Ar\u015fivi\u2019nden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f gizli belgeleri\u201d <\/em>duyuruyordu. Belgelerin yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 \u201csat\u0131l\u0131k bas\u0131n\u0131n haydutlar\u0131na, vatanperverlik pazarlayanlara, ahlak bek\u00e7ilerine, banka ve borsa \u015farlatanlar\u0131na, sat\u0131l\u0131k gazeteci ve milletvekillerine ac\u0131mas\u0131z bir yumruk gibi\u201d <\/em>inecekti.<\/p>\n

Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ise medyadaki \u201cbeyin y\u0131kama\u201d faaliyetleri yeniden g\u00fcvenilir haberin sorgulanmas\u0131na sebep oldu. Claire Blandin, sava\u015f\u0131n \u201cgazeteler ile iktidar aras\u0131ndaki su\u00e7 ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d <\/em>ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor ve konuyu \u201ckamuoyu ile b\u00fcy\u00fck bas\u0131n organlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda tam bir ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u201d <\/em>olarak nitelendiriyor.<\/p>\n

Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ile \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nemde ise bas\u0131n birka\u00e7 \u00f6nemli r\u00f6portaj\u0131n prestiji ile hi\u00e7 parlak olmayan birtak\u0131m hadiseler aras\u0131nda gidip geliyordu. Jean-No\u00ebl Jeanneney\u2019nin g\u00f6zlemlerine g\u00f6re bu d\u00f6nemde \u201cbir taraf\u0131 parlarken \u00f6b\u00fcr taraf\u0131 iliklerine kadar \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f bas\u0131n, 1940\u2019a kadar genel olarak parayla i\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Gazeteciler ise daha ziyade yay\u0131mlad\u0131klar\u0131 de\u011fil, yay\u0131mlamad\u0131klar\u0131 dosyalarla ge\u00e7iniyorlard\u0131.\u201d<\/em> Claire Blandin ise yeni yayg\u0131nla\u015fan radyo hakk\u0131nda ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n \u201ckitleleri aptalla\u015ft\u0131ran bir ara\u00e7\u201d <\/em>ele\u015ftirisi ile g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde sosyal a\u011flara y\u00f6neltilen ele\u015ftiri oklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir paralellik kuruyor.<\/p>\n

Nazi i\u015fgali y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kmaya devam eden gazeteler, i\u015fgalden sonra temiz bir sayfa a\u00e7\u0131p yeniden aya\u011fa kalmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. 1944\u2019te Le Monde <\/em>kuruldu. Bir yetki sistemi getirildi. Christian Delporte, 1947\u2019ye kadarki \u201cumutla dolu alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klarken \u201c\u0130lk defa sermaye g\u00f6stermeksizin gazete kurulabiliyordu. Ne rekabet vard\u0131 ne de reklam\u201d <\/em>diyor. Bu alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f; haber gazeteleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k gazetelere bask\u0131n gelinceye kadar devam etti. Jean-No\u00ebl Jeanneney ise \u201cBas\u0131n i\u00e7in en g\u00fczel y\u0131llar ellili ve altm\u0131\u015fl\u0131 y\u0131llard\u0131r\u201d<\/em> notunu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

De Gaulle\u2019\u00fcn el koyma d\u00f6nemi <\/strong><\/p>\n

Charles de Gaulle y\u00f6netiminin sesli ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcl\u00fc bas\u0131n\u0131 tekelle\u015ftirme giri\u015fimi, bas\u0131n\u0131 iktidar\u0131n emrinde olmakla su\u00e7layan ele\u015ftirileri besledi. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f tarih profes\u00f6r\u00fc Fran\u00e7ois Robinet \u201cSu\u00e7 ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ele\u015ftirisi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar gelmektedir\u201d <\/em>dedikten sonra ekliyor, \u201cParis\u2019in merkezinde gazete ve iktidar aras\u0131nda daima bir yak\u0131nl\u0131k olmu\u015ftur\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

1995 k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen grev hareketinde ise grevcilerin iktidar taraf\u0131ndan ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 olduklar\u0131na inand\u0131klar\u0131 medya devlerine y\u00f6nelttikleri ele\u015ftiriler, bu konudaki en ileri seviyelerden biriydi. Nihayetinde \u201cmedya sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde demokratik bir hareket i\u00e7in\u201d verilen bir dilek\u00e7e ile Medya G\u00f6zlem Derne\u011fi (Acrimed) kuruldu. Yaz\u0131l\u0131 ve g\u00f6rsel bas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bu \u015fiddetli ele\u015ftirel bak\u0131\u015f, sosyolog Pierre Bordieu\u2019n\u00fcn ayn\u0131 y\u0131l yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Televizyon \u00dczerine (Sur la t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, <\/em>Liber-Raison d\u2019agir, 1996) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 deneme kitab\u0131ndaki arg\u00fcmanlara dayan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Burada iki esas nokta vard\u0131r: Birincisi gazetecilerin ekonomik ve politik g\u00fc\u00e7lerin propagandac\u0131lar\u0131 oldu\u011fu ele\u015ftirisi, di\u011feri ise bas\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131n gazetecilerin tekeline b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n reddidir. \u0130nternetin geli\u015fmesi ve sosyal a\u011flar\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131yla gazetecilerin tekeli b\u00fcy\u00fck darbe alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zengin i\u015f adamlar\u0131n\u0131n eline d\u00fc\u015fen bu tekel, daha sonra \u00e7e\u015fitli finans \u00e7evreleriyle kurulan gizli ortakl\u0131klar ve r\u00fc\u015fvet \u015f\u00fcphelerini yeniden uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bas\u0131n, ge\u00e7mi\u015findeki a\u011f\u0131r miras\u0131 arkas\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fcklemeye devam etmekte ve bir kamyon dolusu ele\u015ftirinin hedefi olmaktad\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar bas\u0131na duyulan ve giderek azalan g\u00fcvenin yeniden kazan\u0131lmas\u0131na engel olmaktad\u0131r. La Croix <\/em>gazetesinde 24 Ocak tarihinde yay\u0131mlanan anket g\u00f6stermektedir ki bas\u0131na duyulan g\u00fcven 1987\u2019den bu yana en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyesindedir.<\/p>\n

Peki bu olumsuzluklara kar\u015f\u0131 ne yapmal\u0131y\u0131z? S\u00f6z\u00fc ilk kad\u0131n gazete y\u00f6neticisi olan Caroline R\u00e9my S\u00e9verine\u2019e (1855-1929) b\u0131rakal\u0131m. Le Cri du peuple <\/em>gazetesinin y\u00f6neticisi ve Jules Vall\u00e8s\u2019nin yak\u0131n\u0131 1924\u2019te \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201cBizim mesle\u011fimiz lay\u0131k\u0131yla yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00fczel ve gerekli olan bir meslektir. Bizi ezen para iktidarlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 direnin, halk\u0131n alk\u0131\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 direnin, gazete idarecilerine kar\u015f\u0131 direnin. Kendinize, mesle\u011fin bir ger\u00e7e\u011fi olan yalan haberlere, ba\u015far\u0131ya ve tahriklere kar\u015f\u0131 direnin.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Kaynak: Medyascope<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le Monde\u2019dan Jean-Baptiste de Montvalon\u2019un Fransa\u2019y\u0131 merkeze alarak gazetecili\u011fin tarihini \u00f6zetledi\u011fi yaz\u0131s\u0131 24 Ocak 2019\u2019da yay\u0131nland\u0131 ve Onur B\u00fclb\u00fcl taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7evrildi. 1631\u2019deki resm\u00ee kurulu\u015f tarihinden bu yana gazetecilik hem de\u011fer verilen hem de hakaret g\u00f6ren bir meslek olmu\u015ftur. \u0130lk gazetelerden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz sosyal a\u011flar\u0131na kadar gazetecili\u011fin tarihi asl\u0131nda g\u00fcven duymaman\u0131n tarihidir. \u201c\u0130\u015fbirlik\u00e7i gazeteciler!\u201d Sar\u0131 Yelekliler taraf\u0131ndan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":639,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jf_save_progress":"","_jf_limit_responses":"","jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_override_counter":[],"jnews_post_split":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[50],"tags":[49],"class_list":["post-5242","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-tr","tag-genel"],"yoast_head":"\nEn \u00e7ok \u00f6v\u00fclen ve hakarete u\u011frayan meslek: Gazetecilik - International Journalists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/internationaljournalists.org\/tr\/en-cok-ovulen-ve-hakarete-ugrayan-meslek-gazetecilik\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta 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