{"id":342,"date":"2018-04-13T00:07:07","date_gmt":"2018-04-12T21:07:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.internationaljournalists.org\/?p=342"},"modified":"2018-04-13T00:07:07","modified_gmt":"2018-04-12T21:07:07","slug":"habercilikte-yeni-akim-yurttas-gazeteciligi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/internationaljournalists.org\/tr\/habercilikte-yeni-akim-yurttas-gazeteciligi\/","title":{"rendered":"Habercilikte Yeni Ak\u0131m: Yurtta\u015f Gazetecili\u011fi"},"content":{"rendered":"

YURTTA\u015e GAZETEC\u0130L\u0130\u011e\u0130 NED\u0130R NE DE\u011e\u0130LD\u0130R?<\/h3>\n
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T\u00fcrk\u00e7e literat\u00fcrde yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi denilince kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za iki farkl\u0131 gazetecilik t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n temel nedeni, \u0130ngilizce’den yap\u0131lan \u00e7eviriler. \u0130ngilizce’de “civic journalism” ya da “public journalism” olarak bilinen gazetecilik de yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi olarak \u00e7evrildi ve kullan\u0131ld\u0131, “citizen journalism” de.<\/p>\n

1990’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda ABD’de pop\u00fcler olan public journalism kavram\u0131n\u0131 “halk gazetecili\u011fi” olarak T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’ye \u00e7evrimek daha do\u011fru olurdu. Neden? Halk gazetecili\u011fi hareketinin savunucular\u0131, geleneksel gazetecili\u011fin halk\u0131 kamusal ya\u015fama dahil olmada, fikir belirtmede cesaretlendirmedi\u011fi gibi, tam tersine cayd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131 ve medyan\u0131n halk\u0131 demokrasiden kopard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunuyorlard\u0131. Alternatif bir gazetecilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak halk gazetecili\u011fi fikrini ortaya att\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 kaynaklarda public journalism kavram\u0131 kamusal gazetecilik olarak dakullan\u0131l\u0131yor<\/a>\u00a0ama kamusal s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ayn\u0131 zamanda devlete g\u00f6nderme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bir t\u00fcr resmi gazetecili\u011fi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilir diye tercih etmiyorum. \u00d6rne\u011fin TRT kamusal yay\u0131n yapmas\u0131 beklenen bir yay\u0131n kurulu\u015fu. Ancak uygulamada kamudan anla\u015f\u0131lan devlettir. (Halk\u0131n vergileriyle, bandrol \u00fccretleriyle finanse edilen TRT’nin farkl\u0131 bir yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi de a\u00e7\u0131k).<\/p>\n

Halk gazetecili\u011fi nedir?<\/b><\/p>\n

Halk gazetecili\u011finin temel \u00f6zelliklerini \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralayabiliriz:
\n1. Halk\u0131 okurlar, dinleyiciler, izleyiciler, m\u00fc\u015fteriler ya da kitle olarak g\u00f6rmek yerine yurtta\u015flar olarak g\u00f6rmek.
\n2. Halk a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hangi sorunlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funa yurtta\u015flarla birlikte karar vermek ve bu sorunlar\u0131n nas\u0131l \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi gerekti\u011fi konusunda karar verme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine yurtta\u015flar\u0131n etkin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak.
\n3. Halk\u0131n \u00f6nemli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sorunlar\u0131 siyasetin g\u00fcndemine ta\u015f\u0131mak ve karar al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 halk\u0131n beklentileri do\u011frultusunda harekete ge\u00e7irmeye \u00e7abalamak. Yani sadece sorunlar\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirmekle yetinmeyip \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri konusunda da \u00e7aba harcamak.<\/p>\n

Sevda Alanku\u015f, B\u0130A taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131mlanan\u00a0Gazetecili\u011fe Ba\u015flarken: Okuldan Haber Odas\u0131na<\/b>\u00a0isimli kitapta yer alan “Yeni Habercilik Aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131: Hak Odakl\u0131 Habercilik, Yurtta\u015f Gazetecili\u011fi, Bar\u0131\u015f Gazetecili\u011fi” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor: “Yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi ile ilgili tart\u0131\u015fmalar ve pratik 1990’larda, ABD’de ba\u015fl\u0131yor ve hedef ‘gazetecili\u011fin eski alt\u0131n g\u00fcnlerine d\u00f6n\u00fclmesi’ bi\u00e7iminde konuluyor…Yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi ‘yurtta\u015f olma bilincini ve sorumlulu\u011funu kazand\u0131r\u0131p harekete ge\u00e7iren’ bir gazetecilik olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131yorsa e\u011fer, asl\u0131nda bu gazeteciden tarafs\u0131z olmas\u0131n\u0131 beklemek yerine, yurtta\u015flardan yana taraf olmas\u0131n\u0131 bekleyen, bunun i\u00e7in de pro-aktif bir gazetecili\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bir gazetecilik demek. Yani genelge\u00e7er gazetecili\u011fin ele\u015ftirdi\u011fim sadece ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011fa haber de\u011feri atfeden yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 yerine burada, yurtta\u015fl\u0131k haklar\u0131 ve sorumluluklar\u0131 alan\u0131na giren her \u015feyin haber say\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi bir tav\u0131r \u00f6neriliyor…Yurtta\u015f sadece haber kayna\u011f\u0131 haline gelmiyor, kendi sorunlar\u0131yla ilgili olarak harekete ge\u00e7irilirken haberin bizzat yap\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 haline de geliyor. Bu arada haber farkl\u0131 farkl\u0131 yurtta\u015flar\u0131n bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7er\u00e7eveleniyor, b\u00f6ylelikle haber sadece elit-merkezli ve elitlerden yurtta\u015flara do\u011fru akan bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131maktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor ve yurtta\u015f-merkezli, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan-yukar\u0131ya i\u015fleyen, bu arada da yurtta\u015flar-aras\u0131 bir diyalo\u011fun \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc de a\u00e7an bir hale geliyor. Haber konusu olan sorunun taraflar\u0131 gazeteci taraf\u0131ndan bir araya getiriliyor, sorunun bu diyalog i\u00e7inde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc hedefleniyor ve ama\u00e7lanan sonu\u00e7 al\u0131n\u0131ncaya kadar haber takip ediliyor.”<\/p>\n

Alanku\u015f yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, halk gazetecili\u011finin ABD d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki co\u011frafyalarda fazlaca tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve uygulanm\u0131\u015f bir model olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da belirtiyor.<\/p>\n

Halk gazetecili\u011finin iki belirgin \u00f6zelli\u011fi bulunuyor. Birincisi, halk gazetecili\u011fi yurtta\u015flar\u0131n s\u00fcrece aktif bi\u00e7imde kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in ancak yerel d\u00fczeyde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirimi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Amerikan gazeteleri de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yerel gazeteler oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in halk gazetecili\u011fi fikrini kolayca uygulayabildiler. \u0130kincisi de halk gazetecili\u011finin proje ve sorun odakl\u0131 olu\u015fu. Bir sorun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ba\u015fka bir soruna odaklanmak gerekiyor. Bu iki \u00f6zellik ayn\u0131 zamanda halk gazetecili\u011finin handikaplar\u0131 oldu ve 2000’li y\u0131llardan itibaren halk gazetecili\u011fi hareketi \u00f6nemini yitirdi.<\/p>\n

Korkmaz Alemdar ve Ruhdan Uzun,\u00a0Herkes \u0130\u00e7in Gazete-ci-lik\u00a0<\/b>isimli kitaplar\u0131nda yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fini (citizen journalism) halk gazetecili\u011finin (public journalism) bir devam\u0131 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlar. Yazarlar yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fini, “s\u00fcrekli ve h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fen medya ortam\u0131ndaki gazetecilik pratiklerini anlatmakta kullan\u0131lan bir terim” olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yorlar. Yazarlara g\u00f6re, “yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi, ileti\u015fim teknolojilerinin daha da geli\u015fmesi ve yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ile birlikte 2000’li y\u0131llarda yeni bir bi\u00e7im almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00d6nceleri b\u00fcy\u00fck haber \u00f6rg\u00fctlerindeki profesyonel gazeteciler halk\u0131n yarar\u0131na, halkla ileti\u015fim i\u00e7inde gazetecilik yaparken, yurtta\u015flar yeni medya ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak kendileri gazetecilik yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.”<\/p>\n

Yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi nedir?<\/b><\/p>\n

Yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi kavram\u0131, as\u0131l mesle\u011fi gazetecilik olmayan yurtta\u015flar\u0131n dijital ileti\u015fim teknolojileri yard\u0131m\u0131yla haber \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine kat\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131anlat\u0131yor<\/a>. Ancak yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi kavram\u0131 da sorunlu. Yani \u015fimdi, g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir olay\u0131 kaydedip sosyal medyada yayan herkese yurtta\u015f gazeteci mi demeliyiz? E\u011fer \u00f6yleyse, elinde ak\u0131ll\u0131 cep telefonu olan herkes potansiyel gazeteci. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131 yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi terimi bu anlamda sorunlu. Bu terim yerine “tan\u0131k gazetecili\u011fi” (eyewitness journalism) teriminin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n daha do\u011fru oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Bir sel bask\u0131n\u0131 oldu diyelim. Tesad\u00fcfen olay yerinde bulunan bir ki\u015finin seli kaydedip videosunu sosyal medyada payla\u015fmas\u0131 o ki\u015fiyi gazeteci yapmaz, yapsa yapsa tan\u0131k yapar.<\/p>\n

Tan\u0131k habercili\u011fi<\/b><\/p>\n

Amat\u00f6r bir foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131 olan Virginia Schau, Kaliforniya’da 3 May\u0131s 1953 tarihinde kocas\u0131yla birlikte bal\u0131k tutarken k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fczerinde kaza yapan bir kamyonun foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekiyor. Bu foto\u011fraf, 1954 y\u0131l\u0131nda s\u0131cak haber foto\u011fraf\u0131 dal\u0131nda Pulitzer \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u00a0kazan\u0131yor<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Abraham Zapruder isimli terzi, 22 Kas\u0131m 1963 tarihinde e\u015fiyle birlikte Dallas’a gelen ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 John F. Kennedy’yi elindeki amat\u00f6r kamerayla \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Tam o s\u0131rada birka\u00e7 el silah sesi duyuluyor. Olay\u0131 ba\u015ftan sona kaydeden Zapruder, ilk yurtta\u015f gazeteci olarak kabul\u00a0ediliyor<\/a>. Elbette, Zapruder’in tarihe ge\u00e7en gazetecilik olay\u0131n\u0131n tamamen rastlant\u0131sal oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylememe gerek yok.<\/p>\n

3 Mart 1991 tarihinde Rodney King isimli siyah gen\u00e7 cadde ortas\u0131nda Los Angeles polisi taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcresiye d\u00f6v\u00fcl\u00fcyor. George Holiday b\u00fct\u00fcn olay\u0131 kameras\u0131yla kaydediyor. Dayak g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri televizyonlarda yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Amerika’da k\u0131yamet\u00a0kopuyor<\/a>.<\/p>\n

7 Temmuz 2005’te Londra metrosuna ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ter\u00f6r sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131nda tan\u0131k gazetecili\u011fi daha da pop\u00fcler hale geliyor. Sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok say\u0131da ki\u015fi, cep telefonlar\u0131yla \u00e7ektikleri g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri medyadan payla\u015f\u0131yorlar. Bunlardan biri olan Adam Stacey’nin \u00e7ekti\u011fi foto\u011fraf sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n deh\u015fetini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcneseriyor<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ek yurtta\u015f gazeteciler\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da s\u0131ralad\u0131\u011f\u0131m olaylar\u0131 kaydeden ki\u015filer asl\u0131nda tesad\u00fcfen olay yerindeydiler ve gazetecilik yapmak gibi bir hedefleri de yoktu. Ancak, baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011finin bilin\u00e7li bi\u00e7imde uygulamaya sokuldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n

As\u0131l mesle\u011fi gazetecilik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, geli\u015fen olaylar\u0131n tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan ve bir gazeteci gibi olaylar\u0131 kaydedip haberle\u015ftiren ki\u015filere yurtta\u015f gazeteci diyebiliriz. Yusuf Devran ve \u00d6mer Faruk \u00d6zcan, “Habercilikte Hegemonya M\u00fccadelesi: Yurtta\u015f Gazetecili\u011fi: F\u0131rsat m\u0131 Tehdit mi?” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalelerinde yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fini \u015f\u00f6yle\u00a0tan\u0131ml\u0131yorlar<\/a>: “Yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fini geni\u015f bir \u00e7er\u00e7evede haber toplama, \u00fcretme ve dolay\u0131ma sokma safhalar\u0131nda gazetecilikle profesyonel olarak u\u011fra\u015fmayan vatanda\u015flar\u0131n mevcut teknolojik imk\u00e2nlar d\u00e2hilinde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni bir gazetecilik prati\u011fi olarak tan\u0131mlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir.” Devran ve \u00d6zcan, tan\u0131k habercili\u011fi ile yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011finin ayn\u0131 \u015feyler olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da bu yaz\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yorlar: “..s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir olaya \u015fahit olmak ve bu durumu kay\u0131t alt\u0131na almak yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011finin (tan\u0131k habercili\u011fi, s.i.) bir prati\u011fi iken yurtta\u015f gazetecisi olmak bir tercih sonucudur. Olaylara \u015fahit olarak bunlar\u0131 kay\u0131t alt\u0131na alan ve gerek sosyal medya hesaplar\u0131ndan duyurarak gerekse ana ak\u0131m medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131na bunlar\u0131 ula\u015ft\u0131rarak belirli bir olayla ve olay s\u00fcresince s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi prati\u011fi ayn\u0131 zamanda kazara gazetecilik (accidental journalism) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Harrison, 2010, s. 248). Bununla birlikte Suriye \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi sahadan bildiren aktivistler bu faaliyeti olaylar\u0131 kendi zaviyelerinden d\u00fcnya kamuoyuna yans\u0131tmak i\u00e7in kullanmaktad\u0131rlar.”<\/p>\n

2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ran’da yap\u0131lan se\u00e7imlerde \u015faibe oldu\u011fu konusunda yap\u0131lan g\u00f6steriler, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yurtta\u015f gazetecilerin \u00e7ektikleri videolarla d\u00fcnyayaduyuruldu<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Arap Bahar\u0131’nda da yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011finin \u00f6nem kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u00a0g\u00f6rd\u00fck<\/a>. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, yurtta\u015f gazeteciler geleneksel medyan\u0131n bo\u015flu\u011funu doldurdular.<\/p>\n

Suriye’deki sava\u015f\u0131 d\u00fcnyaya yurtta\u015f gazeteciler\u00a0duyuruyor<\/a>. Geleneksel medyan\u0131n bo\u015flu\u011funu doldurmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, ayn\u0131 zmanda birer aktivist olduklar\u0131ndan ve belli gruplar\u0131n yan\u0131nda yer ald\u0131klar\u0131ndan, aktard\u0131klar\u0131 haberlerin g\u00fcvenilirlikleri\u00a0sorunlu<\/a>.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’de Gezi protestolar\u0131 geleneksel medyan\u0131n ilgisizli\u011fi nedeniyle yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011finin \u00f6nem kazanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Necla Zarakol, Gezi protestolar\u0131nda yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011finin \u00f6nemini \u015f\u00f6yle\u00a0a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor<\/a>: “Gezi\u00a0 Park\u0131 protestolar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bir\u00e7ok \u015feyi etkiledi; siyasete, ekonomiye, akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara, soka\u011fa, toplumun farkl\u0131 kesimlerine bir\u00e7ok ‘yeni’yi \u00f6\u011fretti.\u00a0 B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda en \u00f6nemlisi Facebook ve Twitter \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fcyen ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 haberle\u015fmeydi. Bu iki a\u011f,\u00a0n\u00fcfusun % 40\u2019\u0131n\u0131\u00a0temsil eden (31 milyon 247.120 ki\u015fi) kesimini olaylar s\u0131ras\u0131nda real time habercilikle tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131; ne olup bitti\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenenler, an\u0131nda bunu yayarak ‘yurtta\u015f gazeteci’\u00a0oldular. Facebook ve Twitter\u2019i aktif kullananlar b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini ve duyduklar\u0131n\u0131 an\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131rken bu pasif kullan\u0131c\u0131lar da fikir payla\u015fmay\u0131, yorum yapmay\u0131, foto\u011fraf g\u00f6ndermeyi, hatta kirli bilgi yayanlarla hesapla\u015fmay\u0131\u00a0 ve bu bilgilerin yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l engellenece\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenerek aktif hale geldiler. Canl\u0131 yay\u0131n yapan televizyonlar bile sosyal a\u011flardaki yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011finin \u00e7ok gerisinde kald\u0131lar.”<\/p>\n

G\u00f6khan Bi\u00e7ici de Gezi s\u00fcrecinde yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fini irdeledi\u011fi yaz\u0131s\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131\u00a0s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor<\/a>: “Yurtta\u015f habercili\u011fi ise sans\u00fcre kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ek haber talep eden toplumun, bu tepkisini ifade bi\u00e7imlerinden birisi ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir dinamik olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Elbette yurtta\u015f habercili\u011fi gazetecili\u011fin yerini alamazd\u0131, ancak yurtta\u015f habercili\u011fi, gazetecili\u011fin toplumla yeniden bulu\u015fmas\u0131 ve bu temelde de yeniden yap\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in temel bir dinamik oldu\u011funu da g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.”<\/p>\n

Emel Ar\u0131k, “Yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011finin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc: Twitter gazetecili\u011fi \u00f6rne\u011fi” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesinde \u015fu saptamalar\u0131\u00a0yap\u0131yor<\/a>: “T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de Van Depremi\u2019nden Afyon\u2019daki cephanenin patlamas\u0131na, Reyhanl\u0131 Facias\u0131\u2019ndan Galatasaray \u00dcniversitesi yang\u0131n\u0131na, en \u00f6nemlisi de Gezi park\u0131 protestolar\u0131 olarak ba\u015flay\u0131p \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli muhalif tav\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7eren g\u00f6steriler bi\u00e7iminde dalga dalga t\u00fcm T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye yay\u0131lan protestolara var\u0131ncaya de\u011fin pek \u00e7ok olayda Twitter geleneksel medyadan \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve detayl\u0131 bir haberle\u015fme arac\u0131 haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve gazetecilik deneyimi olmayan pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi olaylar\u0131, durumlar\u0131 bizzat ya\u015fayan, g\u00f6zlemleyen, haber unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 ve ileteni olarak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r… \u00d6zellikle Gezi Park\u0131 olaylar\u0131 sosyal medyan\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle de Twitter\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan son derece \u00f6nemli veriler i\u00e7ermektedir. \u0130lerleyen y\u0131llarda sosyal medyan\u0131n ve Twitter\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcnden bahsedildi\u011fi zaman mutlaka an\u0131lacak olan bu d\u00f6nem, ayn\u0131 zamanda yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011finin en yo\u011fun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi bir d\u00f6nem olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda durmaktad\u0131r.”<\/p>\n

Yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi yapan haber siteleri<\/b><\/p>\n

“Her yurtta\u015f bir muhabirdir” slogan\u0131yla 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131n hayat\u0131na ba\u015flayan G\u00fcney Kore merkezli haber sitesi OhMyNews, yutta\u015f gazetecili\u011finin \u00f6nc\u00fclerindendir. Ancak haber sitesi 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda “haber do\u011frulama”da ya\u015fanan zorluklardan dolay\u0131 yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi haberlerini yay\u0131mlamay\u0131durdurdu<\/a>.<\/p>\n

GlobalVoices, 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan ve farkl\u0131 dillerde yay\u0131n yapan bir yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi\u00a0sitesi<\/a>. Sitede T\u00fcrk\u00e7e haberler de\u00a0yay\u0131mlan\u0131yor<\/a>. IndyMedia, 1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc toplant\u0131s\u0131na y\u00f6nelik protestolar\u0131 haber yapmak i\u00e7in kurulan bir yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi platformu. Bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye dahil pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede Indymedia siteleri\u00a0mevcut<\/a>. Ancak \u0130stanbul Indymedia’n\u0131n \u00e7ok iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek zor.<\/p>\n

CNN iReport, Wikinews, Have Your Say (BBC News) gibi yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi platformlar\u0131 varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’de yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi iddias\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan haber siteleri aras\u0131nda vivaHiba, 140jurnos, dokuz8HABER say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

“Medya sensin, payla\u015f” slogan\u0131yla yay\u0131n yapan vivaHiba kendisini \u015f\u00f6yletan\u0131ml\u0131yor<\/a>: “VivaHiba gazeteci olmayan vatanda\u015flara da gazetecilik yapma f\u0131rsat\u0131 tan\u0131yan bir sistemdir. Hem web \u00fczerinden hem mobil \u00fczerinden \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.\u00a0\u00c7evrenizde tan\u0131k oldu\u011funuz ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n da duymas\u0131nda fayda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz her \u015feyi basit bir dille haberle\u015ftirip (foto\u011fraf, video veya yaz\u0131l\u0131 metin halinde) vivaHiba\u2019ya y\u00fckleyebilirsiniz. B\u00f6ylece fiili olarak yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015f olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. Yurtta\u015f gazetecilik \u015fu demek; Herhangi bir yerde meydana gelen ve sadece belli bir grubun tan\u0131k oldu\u011fu ya da bildi\u011fi bir olay, sizin sayenizde milyonlarca insana ula\u015facak. Yani ger\u00e7eklik her nerede ya\u015fan\u0131yorsa, oradan ba\u015fka co\u011frafyalara yay\u0131lacak. Bunu siz yapacaks\u0131n\u0131z, biz sadece arac\u0131l\u0131k edece\u011fiz. Yurtta\u015f gazetecilik yaparak, topluma asl\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir sosyal fayda sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olacaks\u0131n\u0131z.”\u00a0Her ne kadar, yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi konusunda iddial\u0131 bir\u00a0ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7<\/a>\u00a0yapt\u0131ysa da, bunu s\u00fcrd\u00fcremedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Yarat\u0131c\u0131 Fikirler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’n\u00fcn bir projesi olarak, kuruldu\u011fu 2012 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yay\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren 140jurnos, “anaak\u0131m medyan\u0131n filtreli habercilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na tepki olarak, \u00f6zg\u00fcr habercili\u011fi savunan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir ‘kar\u015f\u0131 medya’ hareketi” olarak\u00a0tan\u0131ml\u0131yor<\/a>\u00a0kendisini.<\/p>\n

“Yurtta\u015f habercili\u011fi odakl\u0131 g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc haber a\u011f\u0131 platformu” olarak 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlar\u0131na ba\u015flayan dokuz8HABER’in web sitesi 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda mahkeme karar\u0131yla eri\u015fime\u00a0engellendi<\/a>. \u015eimdilik yay\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 twitter, facebook ve youtube \u00fczerinden s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Ayr\u0131ca,\u00a0\u015fu<\/a>\u00a0siteden de haberlerini payla\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u00d6tekilerin Postas\u0131, “yurtta\u015f ve kolektif habercilikle sans\u00fcr\u00fc deliyoruz” slogan\u0131yla twitter’dan ve facebook’tan haber payla\u015f\u0131yor. Kendi web sitesi 2016’da eri\u015fime\u00a0engellenmi\u015f<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011finin olumlu ve olumsuz yanlar\u0131<\/b>
\n
\n<\/b>\u00d6nce olumlu yanlar\u0131n\u0131 not edelim:<\/p>\n

Birincisi, yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi, yukar\u0131da verilen \u00f6rneklerde de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, geleneksel medyan\u0131n g\u00f6rmezden geldi\u011fi ya da g\u00f6remedi\u011fi sorunlar\u0131, olaylar\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirmede \u00f6nemli bir bo\u015flu\u011fu dolduruyor.<\/p>\n

\u0130kincisi, halk gazetecili\u011finin hedefledi\u011fi, halk\u0131 siyasal s\u00fcre\u00e7lere dahil etme misyonuna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelecek bi\u00e7imde, yurtta\u015flar bizzat kendileri i\u015fin i\u00e7ine dahil olarak sorunlar\u0131n pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyorlar.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, sorunlar\u0131n geleneksel medyadaki tek boyutlu ve iktidar kontroll\u00fc \u00e7er\u00e7evelenmesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda alternatif \u00e7er\u00e7evelerin ortaya konmas\u0131na, farkl\u0131 seslerin ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin duyu(ru)lmas\u0131na imkan sa\u011fl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, s\u0131cak geli\u015fmelere anl\u0131k ve kolay eri\u015fim olana\u011f\u0131 sunuyor. Geleneksel medyan\u0131n kendi olanaklar\u0131yla ula\u015fmada yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 olaylar yurtta\u015f gazeteciler kanal\u0131yla aktar\u0131l\u0131yor. Hatta bu ba\u011flamda geleneksel medyay\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerle besliyor.<\/p>\n

Be\u015fincisi, yurtta\u015f gazeteciler \u00f6zellikle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma b\u00f6lgelerinde profesyonel gazetecilere yard\u0131mc\u0131 oluyor, yol g\u00f6steriyorlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Suriye’ye haber yapmaya giden profesyonel gazeteciler sahadaki yurtta\u015f gazetecilerden rehberlik hizmeti\u00a0al\u0131yor<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Olumsuzluklara gelince;<\/p>\n

Yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011finin en \u00f6nemli sorunu, \u00fcretilen haberlerin g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi noktas\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Yurtta\u015f gazeteci k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yalan haber \u00fcreten, propaganda ama\u00e7l\u0131 haberleri yayan \u00e7ok say\u0131da ki\u015fi var. Ayr\u0131ca, geleneksel medyada var olan edit\u00f6ryal denetim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri tam i\u015flemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in yay\u0131na konulan haberin yanl\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u0131kma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcksek.<\/p>\n

\u0130kincisi, yurtta\u015f gazetecilerin \u00e7o\u011fu ayn\u0131 zamanda aktivist kimli\u011fe de sahip. Bu da \u00fcrettikleri haberlere ili\u015fkin ku\u015fku olu\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, mali destek olmadan yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor. Nitekim, yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi iddias\u0131yla kurulan bir\u00e7ok platform ve haber sitesi ya kapanm\u0131\u015f durumda ya da kapanman\u0131n e\u015fi\u011finde. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 da sat\u0131n al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f\u00a0durumda<\/a>. \u00d6rne\u011fin,\u00a0ekli<\/a>\u00a0sayfada listelenen yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi sitelerinin \u00e7o\u011fu aktif de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, yasalar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda gazeteci kabul edilmedikleri i\u00e7in profesyonel gazetecilerin sahip oldu\u011fu yasal himayeden\u00a0yoksunlar<\/a>. Ger\u00e7i yasal himayenin muhalif gazeteciler i\u00e7in pek i\u015fledi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemez de, o ayr\u0131 bir konu.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi, \u00f6zellikle ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefonlar\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaydetme ve yayma olanaklar\u0131yla birlikte giderek yayg\u0131nla\u015fan bir yeni gazetecilik bi\u00e7imi. Geleneksel gazetecili\u011fi de d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcyor bir yandan. Ancak, as\u0131l yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken, herkesi potansiyel gazeteci g\u00f6ren yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011finin \u00f6zendirilmesi ve yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 de\u011fil, kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karan, etik de\u011ferlere ba\u011fl\u0131, devletin ve \u015firketlerin bask\u0131lar\u0131yla m\u00fccadele eden, toplumsal sorunlara duyarl\u0131 profesyonel gazetecili\u011fin iyile\u015ftirilmesidir.<\/p>\n

EK:<\/b>
\n
\n<\/b>Doktora tez dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131m ileti\u015fimin duayen hocalar\u0131ndan Prof. Dr. Oya Tokg\u00f6z, “public journalism” kavram\u0131n\u0131 “halk gazetecili\u011fi” olarak kullanmam\u0131n do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kendisinin kavram\u0131 epeydir “kamusal gazetecilik” olarak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen bir not iletti. Ger\u00e7ekten de, gazetecilik \u00f6\u011frencilerinin temel kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen\u00a0“Temel Gazetecilik”<\/b>\u00a0kitab\u0131nda, “citizen journalism” yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi olarak (s. 68), “public journalism”\u00a0de kamusal gazetecilik olarak (s. 69) anlat\u0131l\u0131yor.\u00a0Kitapta kamusal gazetecilik i\u00e7in \u015funlar s\u00f6yleniyor: “Bu t\u00fcr gazetecilik yeni bir eylem bi\u00e7imi olarak gazetecilik kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, yurtta\u015flar\u0131n sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in yerel topluluklarla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir.”<\/p>\n

Ben yine de kamusal s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn devleti de \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, o y\u00fczden tercih etmedi\u011fimi s\u00f6yleyece\u011fim. \u00d6rne\u011fin, kamusal hukuk, devlet ve vatanda\u015flar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri d\u00fczenleyen hukuk dal\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/p><\/div>\n

<\/div>\n
https:\/\/plus.google.com\/+S%C3%BCleyman%C4%B0rvan<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

YURTTA\u015e GAZETEC\u0130L\u0130\u011e\u0130 NED\u0130R NE DE\u011e\u0130LD\u0130R? T\u00fcrk\u00e7e literat\u00fcrde yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi denilince kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za iki farkl\u0131 gazetecilik t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n temel nedeni, \u0130ngilizce’den yap\u0131lan \u00e7eviriler. \u0130ngilizce’de “civic journalism” ya da “public journalism” olarak bilinen gazetecilik de yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi olarak \u00e7evrildi ve kullan\u0131ld\u0131, “citizen journalism” de. 1990’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda ABD’de pop\u00fcler olan public journalism kavram\u0131n\u0131 “halk gazetecili\u011fi” olarak T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’ye […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":343,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jf_save_progress":"","_jf_limit_responses":"","jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_override_counter":[],"jnews_post_split":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[50],"tags":[49],"class_list":["post-342","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-tr","tag-genel"],"yoast_head":"\nHabercilikte Yeni Ak\u0131m: Yurtta\u015f Gazetecili\u011fi - International Journalists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/internationaljournalists.org\/tr\/habercilikte-yeni-akim-yurttas-gazeteciligi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Habercilikte Yeni Ak\u0131m: Yurtta\u015f Gazetecili\u011fi - International Journalists\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"YURTTA\u015e GAZETEC\u0130L\u0130\u011e\u0130 NED\u0130R NE DE\u011e\u0130LD\u0130R? 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