{"id":303,"date":"2018-04-09T05:29:30","date_gmt":"2018-04-09T02:29:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.internationaljournalists.org\/?p=303"},"modified":"2018-04-09T05:29:30","modified_gmt":"2018-04-09T02:29:30","slug":"abdde-yerel-medya-diger-ulkelere-farkla-neden-gucleniyor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/internationaljournalists.org\/tr\/abdde-yerel-medya-diger-ulkelere-farkla-neden-gucleniyor\/","title":{"rendered":"ABD’de Yerel Medya Di\u011fer \u00dclkelere Farkla Neden G\u00fc\u00e7leniyor?"},"content":{"rendered":"
ABD\u2019de ya\u015fananlar t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya taraf\u0131ndan yak\u0131ndan izlense de Amerikal\u0131lar en \u00e7ok kendi mahallelerinde ve kasabalar\u0131nda olanlara \u00f6nem veriyor. Bu haberleri eskiden gazetelerden al\u0131rken \u015fimdi \u00f6ncelik internette. Ge\u00e7i\u015f h\u00e2l\u00e2 sanc\u0131l\u0131 olsa da \u00f6zellikle yerel d\u00fczeyde kimi ekonomik d\u00fczelmelerin medya organlar\u0131na da yans\u0131yaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/div>\n

Katolik kilise rahiplerinin Boston\u2019da y\u0131llarca s\u00fcren \u00e7ocuk istismarlar\u0131n\u0131 haberle\u015ftiren gazetenin hik\u00e2yesini anlatan Spotlight filmi Oscar\u2019\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z medyan\u0131n \u00f6nemini bir kere daha anlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Boston Globe\u2019un habercilik ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 anlatan hik\u00e2yenin Amerika d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda pek de bilinmeyen y\u00f6n\u00fc ise gazetenin yerel bir medya organ\u0131 olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Esasen Amerika\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada bilinen New York Times, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal gazetelerinin hi\u00e7biri ulusal de\u011fildir. Baz\u0131 gazeteler neredeyse t\u00fcm \u00fclkede da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m yapsa da temel olarak hepsi yerel yay\u0131nlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Amerika\u2019n\u0131n her \u015fehrinde en az\u0131ndan bir yerel gazete ve radyo bulunur. N\u00fcfusun fazla oldu\u011fu kimi yerlerde yerel televizyon kanallar\u0131 da mevcuttur. Yerel medya organlar\u0131 esas olarak kendi b\u00f6lgelerindeki haberleri payla\u015f\u0131r. Bu haberlerin baz\u0131lar\u0131 ulusal \u00e7apta da yank\u0131 bulur.<\/p>\n

Yerel medya ne anlat\u0131r?<\/h4>\n

Ad\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi yerel medya \u00f6ncelikle kendi b\u00f6lgelerindeki geli\u015fmeleri aktar\u0131r. Gazetelerde eyalet ve belediye meclisindeki geli\u015fmeler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, yol durumundan yerel spor sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na kadar haberler yer al\u0131rken bazen tek sayfa olarak d\u00fcnyadaki geli\u015fmeler okurlarla payla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yerel radyo kanallar\u0131 ise ulusal yay\u0131n yapan radyolar gibi ya sadece m\u00fczik yay\u0131n\u0131 yapar ya da \u00e7e\u015fitli konular \u00fczerine tart\u0131\u015fmalarla ilgili programlar sunar. Konu\u015fmalar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu radyolar\u0131 haber radyosu olarak g\u00f6rmemek gerekir. Bu radyolar haber vermekten ziyade geli\u015fmeleri, kimi zaman konuklu kimi zaman konuk almadan, de\u011ferlendirir. \u00d6zellikle politika \u00fczerine yay\u0131n yapan kanallar bir partinin destek\u00e7isi olup, kendi siyasi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine yak\u0131n yay\u0131nlar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. Amerikal\u0131 siyaset\u00e7ilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de kendi b\u00f6lgelerindeki yerel bir radyo \u00fczerinden a\u00e7\u0131klama yapmay\u0131 tercih eder.<\/p>\n

Televizyon kanallar\u0131nda ise trafik durumu d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc sayfa haberi olarak bilinen adli olaylar a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazan\u0131r. Tabii b\u00f6lgenin veya eyaletin spor tak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcsabakalar\u0131 da \u00f6ncelikli haberler aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Bunlarla birlikte kanallar\u0131n kendi talk show ve tart\u0131\u015fma programlar\u0131 da mevcuttur.<\/p>\n

Paray\u0131 nas\u0131l kazan\u0131yorlar?<\/h4>\n

Yerel medyan\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle gazetelerin 10 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar esas gelir kap\u0131lar\u0131 il\u00e2nlar yani reklamlard\u0131. Ancak internetin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ile birlikte reklam gelirleri\u00a0azalma g\u00f6sterdi<\/a>. Gazeteler buna kar\u015f\u0131n \u00fccretlerini y\u00fckseltmezken \u00e7areyi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmekte\u00a0buldu. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise bas\u0131l\u0131 yay\u0131n yerine sadece internet \u00fczerinden ve \u00fcyelik ile hizmet vermeye ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

Gazetelere kar\u015f\u0131 daha iyi bir konumda olan televizyonlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise ulusal \u00e7apta yay\u0131n yapan kanallarla anla\u015fmaya vard\u0131. Bu \u015fekilde yerel olaylar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ulusal \u00e7apta haber olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te en rahat \u015fekilde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren ise radyolar. Televizyonun yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ile bir d\u00f6nem zorluklar ya\u015fasa da 1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amerika\u2019daki evlerin %99\u2019unda en az bir radyo oldu\u011fu, ev ba\u015f\u0131na da ortalama 5 radyo d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u00a0g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc<\/a>. Ayr\u0131ca i\u015f yerlerinde ve yollarda radyo dinlemek h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n. Reklam gelirlerinde bir azalma ya\u015famayan radyolar internet \u00fczerinden de yay\u0131n yapma imk\u00e2n\u0131 sayesinde eskisi gibi hizmet vermeye devam ediyor.<\/p>\n

Amerika\u2019daki radyolar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7eriklerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Ulusal Halk Radyosu (National Public Radio \u2013 NPR) \u00fczerinden al\u0131r ve i\u00e7eri\u011fe g\u00f6re \u00f6deme yapar. NPR radyolara i\u00e7erik satman\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kimi radyolar\u0131 da destekler. NPR\u2019\u0131n destekledi\u011fi radyolar\u0131n hemen hepsi ki\u015fisel ya da kurumsal ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131 da kabul eder.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, New York b\u00f6lgesine FM band\u0131\u00a0\u00fczerinden yay\u0131n yapan klasik m\u00fczik radyosu WQXR \u00f6nceki hafta sonu ba\u011f\u0131\u015f kampanyas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Radyonun internet \u00fczerinden ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerdeki dinleyicilerinin de kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu kampanya k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ba\u015far\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n

Tirajlar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor, \u0130nternet\u2019e ge\u00e7ilemiyor<\/h4>\n

2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcnl\u00fc yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 Warren Buffet\u2019\u0131n yerel gazetelere y\u00f6nelik yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndan sonra pek \u00e7ok ki\u015finin bas\u0131l\u0131 yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n son d\u00f6nemlerini ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair inanc\u0131 sorgulanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Buffet insanlar\u0131n kendi \u015fehirlerinde ne olup bitti\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in yerel gazetelere ihtiyac\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyerek bu yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 savunmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Ne var ki ge\u00e7en y\u0131l yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lara konu\u015fan Buffet gazetelerin tirajlar\u0131n\u0131n ve gelirlerinin d\u00fc\u015fmeye devam etti\u011fini, \u00e7o\u011fu gazetenin ise internete ge\u00e7i\u015fi ba\u015faramad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u00a0dile getirdi<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0130nternete ge\u00e7i\u015fi ba\u015faramamak d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, ekonomik kriz nedeniyle \u00e7o\u011fu kasaban\u0131n bo\u015falmas\u0131 ve haber olacak bir olay\u0131n ya\u015fanmamas\u0131 gazetelerin tiraj ve reklam kay\u0131plar\u0131ndaki en \u00f6nemli nedenlerden biri olarak g\u00f6steriliyor.<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131<\/h4>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yerel gazetelerin genellikle iki, \u00fc\u00e7 odada ve olduk\u00e7a zor \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesine k\u0131yasla Amerikal\u0131 yerel gazeteler olduk\u00e7a iyi durumda. Gazeteler bir binan\u0131n en az\u0131ndan bir kat\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131na bazen de binan\u0131n hepsine sahip olabiliyor.<\/p>\n

Belediyeler ve yerel senatolarda medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n temsilcilerinin odalar\u0131 bulunurken, sigortalar\u0131 ve kimi harcamalar\u0131 gazeteler taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Bu medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n kendileri i\u00e7in \u00f6nemini bilen siyasiler de onlara asla ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f bir muamelede bulunmuyor.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ne olursa olsun, haklar\u0131nda ne yazarsa yazs\u0131n her kurum akreditasyon yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplant\u0131ya kat\u0131labiliyor. Bu durumun nadir istisnalar\u0131ndan biri Donald Trump\u2019\u0131n se\u00e7im kampanyas\u0131nda di\u011feri de New York Times, BBC, CNN gibi d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bilinen haber merkezlerinin temsilcilerinin Beyaz Saray\u2019daki bilgilendirme toplant\u0131lar\u0131na al\u0131nmamas\u0131 ile g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye ile bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli fark ise, kan\u0131ksanm\u0131\u015f olan fazla mesailerin olmamas\u0131 veya bu durumda ek \u00fccret \u00f6denmesi. Son dakikada \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir haber \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde gazeteler sabah planland\u0131klar\u0131 h\u00e2lde bask\u0131ya gidiyor. Se\u00e7im veya \u00f6nemli bir m\u00fcsabaka olaca\u011f\u0131nda ise ekipler ayr\u0131l\u0131p, haftalar \u00f6ncesinden hangi saatte kimin hangi konu \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131 belirleniyor.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye ile fark<\/h4>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki haber ajanslar\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse her b\u00f6lgede bir muhabiri bulunur. Haberleri ve geli\u015fen olaylar\u0131 bu muhabirden alan ajanslar, m\u00fc\u015fterilere olaylar\u0131 aktar\u0131r. Ajans muhabirlerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 yerel gazetelerin de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Amerika\u2019da ise ajanslar her b\u00f6lgede bir muhabir tutmak yerine geli\u015fmeleri yerel bas\u0131ndan al\u0131yor. \u00d6ne \u00e7\u0131kan olay ve foto\u011fraflar\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fterileriyle payla\u015fan ajanslar bu \u015fekilde hem y\u00fcksek maliyetten kurtuluyor hem de yerel bas\u0131n\u0131 desteklemi\u015f oluyor.<\/p>\n

New York Times\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nemi<\/h4>\n

Amerika\u2019da ulusal bir gazete olmasa da \u00e7o\u011fu k\u00fct\u00fcphane New York Times\u2019a abone. \u0130nternet\u2019ten \u00f6nceki say\u0131lar\u0131 mikrofilmlere bas\u0131lan ve \u00e7o\u011fu k\u00fct\u00fcphaneye da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan New York Times \u00fclkenin en prestijli gazetesi olarak biliniyor. \u00c7o\u011fu ki\u015fi ve kurum New York Times\u2019\u0131n haberleri ele al\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve okuyucuya aktarmas\u0131n\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi gibi objektif buluyor.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte pek \u00e7ok k\u00fct\u00fcphane kendi yerel gazete ve dergilerinin say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 da ar\u015fivliyor.<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 gazetecilik<\/h4>\n

Boston Globe\u2019un hik\u00e2yesi gibi kimi g\u00f6rece ufak gazeteler uzun s\u00fcren ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sonunda olduk\u00e7a ilgin\u00e7 haberlere imza atabiliyor. Bunlar\u0131n\u00a0en \u00f6nemlilerinden biri San Jose Mecury News\u2019\u00fcn, CIA\u2019in Nikaragua\u2019da \u2018Contras<\/a>\u2018lar\u0131n sava\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in ABD\u2019ye uyu\u015fturucu g\u00f6ndermelerine izin vermesini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131. The Oregonian\u2019\u0131n ABD G\u00f6\u00e7menlik Servisi\u2019nde yabanc\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik k\u00f6t\u00fc muameleyi kan\u0131tlayan haberi ise bir ba\u015fka \u00f6nemli ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 habercilik ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131.<\/p>\n

K\u0131saca yerel gazeteler bazen \u00e7ok ufak da olsa bir \u015fekilde ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 habercilik gelene\u011fini devam ettirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

ABD\u2019de ya\u015fananlar t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya taraf\u0131ndan yak\u0131ndan izlense de Amerikal\u0131lar en \u00e7ok kendi mahallelerinde ve kasabalar\u0131nda olanlara \u00f6nem veriyor.<\/p>\n

Bu haberleri eskiden gazetelerden al\u0131rken \u015fimdi \u00f6ncelik internette. Ge\u00e7i\u015f h\u00e2l\u00e2 sanc\u0131l\u0131 olsa da \u00f6zellikle yerel d\u00fczeyde kimi ekonomik d\u00fczelmelerin medya organlar\u0131na da yans\u0131yaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Kaykank: www.journo.com<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ABD\u2019de ya\u015fananlar t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya taraf\u0131ndan yak\u0131ndan izlense de Amerikal\u0131lar en \u00e7ok kendi mahallelerinde ve kasabalar\u0131nda olanlara \u00f6nem veriyor. Bu haberleri eskiden gazetelerden al\u0131rken \u015fimdi \u00f6ncelik internette. Ge\u00e7i\u015f h\u00e2l\u00e2 sanc\u0131l\u0131 olsa da \u00f6zellikle yerel d\u00fczeyde kimi ekonomik d\u00fczelmelerin medya organlar\u0131na da yans\u0131yaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Katolik kilise rahiplerinin Boston\u2019da y\u0131llarca s\u00fcren \u00e7ocuk istismarlar\u0131n\u0131 haberle\u015ftiren gazetenin hik\u00e2yesini anlatan Spotlight […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":304,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jf_save_progress":"","_jf_limit_responses":"","jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_override_counter":[],"jnews_post_split":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[50],"tags":[49],"class_list":["post-303","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-tr","tag-genel"],"yoast_head":"\nABD'de Yerel Medya Di\u011fer \u00dclkelere Farkla Neden G\u00fc\u00e7leniyor? - International Journalists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/internationaljournalists.org\/tr\/abdde-yerel-medya-diger-ulkelere-farkla-neden-gucleniyor\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ABD'de Yerel Medya Di\u011fer \u00dclkelere Farkla Neden G\u00fc\u00e7leniyor? - International Journalists\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"ABD\u2019de ya\u015fananlar t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya taraf\u0131ndan yak\u0131ndan izlense de Amerikal\u0131lar en \u00e7ok kendi mahallelerinde ve kasabalar\u0131nda olanlara \u00f6nem veriyor. 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