{"id":280,"date":"2018-04-09T04:55:57","date_gmt":"2018-04-09T01:55:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.internationaljournalists.org\/?p=280"},"modified":"2018-04-09T04:55:57","modified_gmt":"2018-04-09T01:55:57","slug":"iste-gazeteciligin-yeni-gelecegi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/internationaljournalists.org\/tr\/iste-gazeteciligin-yeni-gelecegi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130\u015fte Gazetecili\u011fin Yeni Gelece\u011fi"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in karanl\u0131k zamanlar: Bir yanda yay\u0131n yasaklar\u0131, tekelle\u015fmi\u015f medya ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet bask\u0131s\u0131, di\u011fer yanda tehdit edilen, sans\u00fcrlenen ve i\u015ften at\u0131lan y\u00fczlerce gazeteci\u2026 Memleketteki karanl\u0131k tabloyu bir kenara b\u0131rak\u0131p, son y\u0131llarda internet gazetecili\u011finde ya\u015fanan – ve ya\u015fanmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen – geli\u015fmeler hakk\u0131nda 10 maddelik bir derleme yapt\u0131k. Maddeler aras\u0131nda sanal ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin gazetecilikte kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi heyecanl\u0131 geli\u015fmeler de var, hangi haberleri g\u00f6rece\u011fimizi belirleyen gizemli algoritmalar\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 gibi endi\u015fe verenler de.<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131n\u0131n ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde t\u00fcm bu geli\u015fmelerin arka plan\u0131na, yani d\u00fcnyada ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bas\u0131l\u0131 gazetelerin ve internet yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n vaziyetine de\u011findikten sonra internette i\u00e7eri\u011fin nas\u0131l belirlendi\u011fini \u00f6zetledik. \u0130kinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmdeyse sanal ger\u00e7eklik ve multimedya kullan\u0131m\u0131 gibi teknolojik geli\u015fmelere odakland\u0131k.<\/p>\n

ABD\u2019de bas\u0131l\u0131 gazeteler h\u00e2l\u00e2 zorda<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyadaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck medya sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne sahip ABD\u2019de \u00e7o\u011fu gazetenin hem tiraj\u0131 hem de bas\u0131l\u0131 gazete reklamlar\u0131ndan elde etti\u011fi gelir 2000\u2019den beri\u00a0d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fte<\/a>. Amerikan Gazete Edit\u00f6rleri Derne\u011fi\u2019nin (American Society of News Editors)\u00a0verilerine<\/a>\u00a0g\u00f6re ABD\u2019de tam zamanl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan gazeteci say\u0131s\u0131 2008\u2019den bug\u00fcne \u00fc\u00e7te bir azalarak 55 binden 36 bin 700’e indi. Son on senede gazetelerin gelirleri de %40\u00a0azald\u0131<\/a>. \u0130nternetten elde edilen gelir son y\u0131llarda art\u0131\u015fta olsa da bu a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapatmaya hen\u00fcz yetmiyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin\u00a0New York Times\u00a0h\u00e2l\u00e2 gelirinin d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc bas\u0131l\u0131 gazete sayesinde\u00a0kazan\u0131yor<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lara ra\u011fmen Amerika ve Avrupa\u2019da bilindik gazete ve dergilerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan say\u0131s\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki haber masalar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek.\u00a0Capital NY\u00a0dergisinin 2014\u00a0verilerine<\/a>\u00a0g\u00f6re en kalabal\u0131k ekibe sahip\u00a0New York Times\u00a0gazetesinin bin 300\u2019e yak\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 var. \u0130ngiliz\u00a0Guardian\u2019da 800,\u00a0Washington Post\u2019da 650,\u00a0Time\u00a0dergisinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 200 ki\u015fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Sadece internet yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapan medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131 da ekiplerini gitgide geni\u015fletiyor, farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerden muhabirleri i\u015fe al\u0131yor ve farkl\u0131 dillerde yay\u0131n yapan siteler kuruyor.<\/p>\n

Komik kedi videolar\u0131yla \u00fcn yapsa da ciddi gazetecili\u011fe yelken a\u00e7an Buzzfeed sitesinin\u00a0ekibi<\/a>\u00a0farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerdeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131yla birlikte yakla\u015f\u0131k 700 ki\u015fi. T\u0131k rekorlar\u0131 k\u0131ran internet siteleri aras\u0131nda ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7eken Huffington Post\u2019ta yakla\u015f\u0131k 325 ki\u015fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u0130nternet siteleri \u2018globalle\u015fiyor\u2019<\/p>\n

2000\u2019lerin ortas\u0131ndan beri anlat\u0131lan \u2018yaz\u0131l\u0131 bas\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u2019 hik\u00e2yesinin en dramatik unsurlar\u0131ndan biri, ana ak\u0131m gazetelerin yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 temsilcilerini i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kartmas\u0131 ve ofislerini kapatmas\u0131 olmu\u015ftu. Ancak internet haber siteleri ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere ABD ve Avrupa men\u015feli bir\u00e7ok medya kurulu\u015fu son zamanlarda farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelere y\u00f6nelik siteler a\u00e7arak, farkl\u0131 dillerde yay\u0131n yapmaya ve yabanc\u0131 muhabirleri i\u015fe almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu biraz da ticaret gere\u011fi: Huffington Post sitesinin ayl\u0131k 97 milyonluk tekil kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131, sitenin Fransa, Japonya, Brezilya gibi \u00fclkelere y\u00f6nelik haberler yapan yabanc\u0131 dillerdeki sayfalar\u0131n\u0131 ziyaret edenlerden olu\u015fuyor. Huffington Post \u015fu s\u0131ralarda Arap\u00e7a bir site a\u00e7ma\u00a0haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0130nternetten yay\u0131n yapan Vice News\u2019\u0131n 35 deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ofisi var. Finans d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131ndan takip etti\u011fi sabah emailiyle \u00fcnl\u00fc internet kurulu\u015fu Quartz\u2019\u0131n Londra, Hong Kong ve Bangok\u2019ta muhabirleri var, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 19 dil konu\u015fuyor.<\/p>\n

ABD ve Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n aksine Japonya, \u00c7in ve Hindistan ile geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde gazete sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen buralarda da dijital gazetecili\u011fe ciddi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Yale \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Dayo Olopade, 2015\u2019te bat\u0131l\u0131 medya firmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nce \u0130ngilizce konu\u015fulan (Hindistan, Nijerya, G\u00fcney Afrika) ard\u0131ndan da konu\u015fulmayan \u00fclkelere (T\u00fcrkiye, Brezilya, Meksika, Endonezya) ve geli\u015fmekte olan pazarlara yay\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u00a0tahmin ediyor<\/a>.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye de internetten haber okuyor<\/p>\n

Bas\u0131n \u0130lan Kurumu verilerine g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye genelindeki ortalama g\u00fcnl\u00fck gazete sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131 son y\u0131llarda art\u0131yor g\u00f6z\u00fckse de bu art\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00fccretsiz da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlardan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0tahmin ediliyor<\/a>. Bilindik gazetelere bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda tablo parlak de\u011fil. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin en \u00e7ok satan gazetesi\u201d diye pazarlanan\u00a0Posta\u2019n\u0131n tirajlar\u0131 (Do\u011fan Holding\u2019in raporlar\u0131na g\u00f6re) 2012-2013 aras\u0131nda %2, 2013-2014 aras\u0131ndaysa yakla\u015f\u0131k %10 oran\u0131nda azalm\u0131\u015f. Bas\u0131n \u0130lan Kurumu\u2019nun tiraj listelerinde en \u00e7ok satan ilk \u00fc\u00e7 gazete aras\u0131nda g\u00f6z\u00fcken\u00a0H\u00fcrriyet\u2019in tirajlar\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fte. Kurumun kendi verilerine g\u00f6re sat\u0131\u015flar 2012-2013 aras\u0131nda %1, 2013-2014 aras\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k %4 oran\u0131nda azalm\u0131\u015f.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de gazetelerin sadece tirajlar\u0131 de\u011fil reklam pazar\u0131ndaki pay\u0131 da 2005\u2019ten beri\u00a0d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fte<\/a>. 2014\u2019te internet, ilk kez reklam verenlerin televizyonlardan sonra en \u00e7ok tercih etti\u011fi ikinci mecra oldu. Bu \u015fekilde gazeteler \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131raya geriledi.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bu geli\u015fmeler medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 web sitelerini geli\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nlendirse de internet hala ciddi bir gelir kap\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fil. \u00d6rne\u011fin H\u00fcrriyet Grubu, 2012\u2019de toplam reklam gelirlerinin sadece %10\u2019unu internet sitelerinden elde ettiklerini, 2013\u2019teyse bu oran\u0131n %13\u2019e y\u00fckseldi\u011fini\u00a0belirtiyor<\/a>.<\/p>\n

T\u00dc\u0130K\u00a0verilerine<\/a>\u00a0g\u00f6re 2014 itibariyle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de be\u015f evden \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnde internet ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 var. \u0130nternete eri\u015fimi olanlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %80\u2019i sosyal medya kullan\u0131yor, %75\u2019i de internetten haber okuyor. Cep telefonundan internete ba\u011flananlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 da olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek: BTK\u2019n\u0131n 2014 A\u011fustos\u00a0raporuna<\/a>\u00a0g\u00f6re bu rakam 28 milyonun \u00fczerinde. Ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefonlardan en \u00e7ok girilen siteler aras\u0131nda\u00a0Milliyet<\/a>\u00a0ve\u00a0H\u00fcrriyet<\/a>gibi haber siteleri var. Ne yaz\u0131k ki internet gazetecili\u011fi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de birka\u00e7 istisna d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hen\u00fcz \u00e7\u0131plak kad\u0131n g\u00f6rselleri ve \u2018\u2018G\u00f6rd\u00fcklerinize inanamayacaks\u0131n\u0131z\u2019\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 t\u0131k tuzaklar\u0131ndan \u00f6teye gidebilmi\u015f de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

Peki d\u00fcnyada internet gazetecili\u011fi nereye gidiyor? On maddede inceleyelim:<\/p>\n

1- T\u0131k rekortmenleri \u2018ciddi\u2019 gazetecili\u011fe heveslendi<\/p>\n

2006\u2019da kurulan ve komik kedi videolar\u0131yla \u00fcnlenen t\u0131k rekortmeni Buzzfeed sitesi, yak\u0131n zamana kadar gazetecili\u011fin gelece\u011fi konulu bir yaz\u0131da incelenmeye de\u011fer bir vaka de\u011fildi. Hatta bir\u00e7ok gazetecinin nefret objesi oldu\u011fu da s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ancak viral payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131yla tan\u0131nan Buzzfeed de art\u0131k prestij getirecek haberler pe\u015finde ko\u015fuyor.<\/p>\n

Buzzfeed, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yapan kurulu\u015flardan Quantcast\u2019in\u00a0listesine<\/a>\u00a0g\u00f6re \u015fu anda Amerika\u2019da en \u00e7ok t\u0131klanan 9. site, \u00f6rne\u011fin Yahoo\u2019nun \u00fczerinde. Ba\u015fka bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm kurulu\u015fu olan Comcast\u2019in\u00a0verilerine<\/a>\u00a0g\u00f6re Buzzfeed, 2014 Ekim\u2019de yakla\u015f\u0131k 75 milyon tekil kullan\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ziyaret edildi.\u00a0New York Times\u00a064 milyon,\u00a0Wall Street Journal\u00a0ise 29 milyon ziyaret\u00e7iyle Buzzfeed\u2019i geriden takip ediyor.<\/p>\n

Buzzfeed\u2019in hedef kitlesi ABD\u2019yle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fil: Frans\u0131zca, \u0130spanyolca ve Portekizce gibi bir\u00e7ok dilde siteleri var, Japonya\u2019dan Hindistan ve Brezilya\u2019ya da\u00a0geni\u015flemeyi<\/a>\u00a0planl\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

Buzfeed\u2019in yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fcndeki cazibesinin sebeplerinden biri de kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u2018internetin gelece\u011fi\u2019 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen 18-34 ya\u015f aras\u0131 grubundan olmas\u0131. Bu ya\u015f grubunun kullan\u0131m al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131yla paralel olarak sitenin trafi\u011finin y\u00fczde 75\u2019i sosyal medya – \u00e7o\u011funlukla Facebook – \u00fczerinden geliyor. K\u0131sacas\u0131 Buzzfeed, \u201cgazete almayan gen\u00e7 nesil internette neyle vakit ge\u00e7iriyor\u201d sorusunun cevab\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ancak site son birka\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131r \u2018ciddi gazetecili\u011fe\u2019 de soyundu. 2013\u2019te \u2018ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 gazeteci\u2019 kontenjan\u0131ndan Pulitzer \u00f6d\u00fcll\u00fc,\u00a0Wall Street Journal\u00a0emektar\u0131 gazeteci Mark Schoofs ve NBC\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 haberlerle birka\u00e7 Emmy \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc kazanan Aram Roston kadroya kat\u0131ld\u0131. Son olarak birka\u00e7 hafta \u00f6nce \u0130ngiltere\u2019de\u00a0Sunday Times\u2019\u0131n \u00f6d\u00fcll\u00fc muhabiri Heidi Blake\u2019i i\u015fe\u00a0ald\u0131lar<\/a>. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131nda\u00a0Guardian, Bloomberg, Reuters gibi kurumlardan gelen bir\u00e7ok gazeteci de var.<\/p>\n

Buzzfeed\u2019in gazetecilik ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 olarak nitelendirilebilecek haberlerinden biri, 11 Aral\u0131k\u2019tan sonra ABD\u2019de \u2018g\u00fcvenlik gere\u011fi\u2019 \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan 60 kelimelik bir kanunun 12 sene boyunca istismar edilerek Libya\u2019dan Somali\u2019ye her t\u00fcrl\u00fc d\u0131\u015f m\u00fcdahalede kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tl\u0131yordu. \u201860 Kelime ve Sonu Gelmeyen Sava\u015f<\/a>\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 haber 2014 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta, National Press Foundation\u2019dan \u00f6d\u00fcl ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zetle, Buzzfeed \u00f6rne\u011fi \u2018a\u011f\u0131r\u2019 haber siteleriyle t\u0131k rekoru k\u0131ran i\u00e7erik \u00fcreticileri aras\u0131ndaki keskin \u00e7izginin bulan\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergesi. Her \u015feye ra\u011fmen, Buzzfeed\u2019in haber departman\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki edit\u00f6rlerden Shani Hilton\u2019un en \u00e7ok okunan \u2018ciddi\u2019 haberlerin 1,5 milyon t\u0131kta kal\u0131rken, \u2018hangi eyalette ya\u015famal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z\u2019 testinin 41,5 milyonun \u00fczerinde t\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0itiraf\u0131, \u015fimdilik ger\u00e7ek gazetecili\u011fin bu siteler i\u00e7in bir kenar s\u00fcs\u00fc olarak kalaca\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Buzzfeed gibi siteler nas\u0131l para kazan\u0131yor?<\/p>\n

Silikon Vadisi teknoloji yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131ndan yak\u0131n zamanda ald\u0131klar\u0131 50 milyon dolar\u0131 saymazsak, Buzzfeed gibi t\u0131k avc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n esas gelir kayna\u011f\u0131 web sitelerine ald\u0131klar\u0131 reklamlar. \u2018Native advertising\u2019 ad\u0131 verilen bu yeni nesil reklamlar (T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019de \u2018do\u011fal reklam\u2019 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131yor ama \u2018yerli reklam\u2019 daha iyi bir \u00e7eviri olabilir) sitenin kendi reklam ekibi taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlan\u0131yor ve sitenin i\u00e7eri\u011fine benzer formatta yay\u0131nlan\u0131yor, \u00e7o\u011funlukla reklamla alakal\u0131 i\u00e7eri\u011fin yan\u0131na yerle\u015ftiriliyor. Bu t\u00fcr reklamlar i\u00e7in klasik reklamlardan 3-6 kat fazla \u00fccret talep edildi\u011fi\u00a0biliniyor. Bir haberle kolayca kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilecek bu reklamlar etik olarak son derece tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olsa da bir\u00e7ok haber sitesi bu t\u00fcr reklamlara y\u00f6nelmi\u015f durumda.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

2- \u2018Arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131za anlat\u0131rm\u0131\u015f gibi\u2019<\/p>\n

T\u0131k avc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla gazetecili\u011fi harmanlayan bir di\u011fer pop\u00fcler site de Vox. 2014 Nisan\u2019da Washington Post\u2019tan Ezra Klein taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan site, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feyi \u2018a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 gazetecilik\u2019 diye adland\u0131r\u0131yor. Mottosu: \u2018\u2018Bilmeniz gereken her \u015fey, iki dakikada\u2019\u2019.<\/p>\n

Vox Media CEO\u2019su Jim Bankoff\u2019a g\u00f6re hen\u00fcz bir ya\u015f\u0131nda girmemi\u015f sitenin ayda 20 milyon tekil\u00a0ziyaret\u00e7isi\u00a0var.<\/p>\n

25 Ocak’ta sitenin ana sayfas\u0131nda \u201cObama’n\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7men politikas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilmeniz gereken her \u015fey\u201d ile \u201cHerkes kaka yapar: D\u0131\u015fk\u0131yla ilgili \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 9 \u015fey\u201d haberlerini yanyana g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn… Sitedeki i\u00e7erik \u015fu \u015fekilde kategorize edilmi\u015f: video (Obama\u2019n\u0131n \u2018Ulusa Sesleni\u015f\u2019 konu\u015fmas\u0131ndan en \u00f6nemli 6 c\u00fcmle), haritalar (obeziteye dair 21 harita) ve bilgi kartlar\u0131 (Ebola\u2019yla ilgili bilmeniz gereken 14 \u015fey).<\/p>\n

New York Times\u00a0da Nisan 2014\u2019te \u2018The Upshot\u2019 ad\u0131nda bir site yaratarak \u2018a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 gazetecilik\u2019 ak\u0131m\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131. Sitenin niyeti, komplike mevzular\u0131 basit bir dille, infografiklerle (ama veriye bo\u011fmadan) anlatmak. Upshot ekibinin ba\u015f\u0131nda NYT\u2019nin ekonomi k\u00f6\u015fe yazar\u0131 David Leonhardt var. Leonhardt, haberlerin \u201cbir arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131za yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z emailde kullanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z gibi sade\u201d bir dilde yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u00a0anlat\u0131yor. T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131 yapabilmek i\u00e7in\u00a0NY Times\u2019\u0131n en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 infografik\u00e7ileri de Upshot ekibine dahil edildi.<\/p>\n

Guardian\u2019\u0131n\u00a0Data Blog\u2019u,\u00a0Washington Post\u2019un\u00a0Wonkblog\u2019u, Bloomberg\u2019\u00fcn Vikipedi benzeri\u00a0haber sitesi\u00a0QuickTake\u00a0ve ESPN\u2019in\u00a0fivethirtyeight.com\u00a0sitesi de bu ak\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6rneklerinden.<\/p>\n

3- Tek konulu haber siteleri<\/p>\n

Yo\u011fun veri kullanarak tek bir konu \u00fczerine e\u011filen haber siteleri de yayg\u0131nla\u015f\u0131yor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan say\u0131s\u0131 gitgide azalan gazetelerin art\u0131k uzmanl\u0131k isteyen belli ba\u015fl\u0131 konulara yeterince e\u011filemedi\u011fi ve fikri takip yapamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sav\u0131 bu sitelerin varolu\u015f sebepleri aras\u0131nda ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ekiyor.<\/p>\n

2003-2011 aras\u0131nda\u00a0New York Times\u2019\u0131n yay\u0131n y\u00f6netmenli\u011fini yapan Pulitzer \u00f6d\u00fcll\u00fc gazeteci Bill Keller, sadece Amerika\u2019daki adalet sistemine odaklanan Marshall Project\u2019in ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7ti. 20\u2019nin \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 olan site farkl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan fonlan\u0131yor. 2013\u2019te Pulitzer \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc alan\u00a0Inside Climate News\u00a0\u00a0sitesi de 10 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131yla \u00e7evre (\u00f6zellikle iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, enerji vs.) odakl\u0131 haberler yap\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

4- Okuyucu ne isterse o<\/p>\n

\u0130nternet siteleri, \u2018A\/B testi\u2019 ad\u0131 verilen sistemle (Obama\u2019n\u0131n se\u00e7im kampanyas\u0131n\u0131n web sitesi olu\u015fturulurken de\u00a0kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131) bir\u00e7ok edit\u00f6ryel karar\u0131 okuyucu \u00fczerinde test ettikten sonra veriyor.<\/p>\n

A\/B testiyle, haber farkl\u0131 okuyuculara farkl\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klarla ve foto\u011fraflarla sunuluyor.\u00a0 Hangi versiyonun daha \u00e7ok t\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re son hali \u015fekillendiriliyor. Asl\u0131nda bu yeni bir \u015fey de\u011fil: Google\u2019\u0131n 2000\u2019den beri benzer testler kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor, Amazon ve eBay gibi siteler de A\/B testi ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131lar\u0131ndan. Art\u0131k haber siteleri de \u00f6nceleri bu gibi kararlar\u0131 edit\u00f6rlere b\u0131rak\u0131rken A\/B testine ba\u015fvurmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

5- G\u00fcne, saate, okuyucuya g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 i\u00e7erik<\/p>\n

Bir\u00e7ok haber sitesi, sayfaya girilen g\u00fcn, saat ve kullan\u0131c\u0131ya g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 farkl\u0131 i\u00e7erik sunacak sistemler \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Kanada\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0The Globe and Mail\u00a0gazetesinin dijital \u00fcr\u00fcnler direkt\u00f6r\u00fc\u00a0Craig Saila, 2015\u2019te \u2018ana sayfa\u2019 konseptinin \u00f6lece\u011fini, ayn\u0131 anda bir siteyi a\u00e7an farkl\u0131 kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n bulunduklar\u0131 co\u011frafi lokasyon ve ge\u00e7mi\u015fte okuduklar\u0131 makalelere g\u00f6re kendilerine \u00f6zel i\u00e7erikle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015facaklar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Washington Post\u00a0da bu topa girenlerden. 2014\u2019\u00fcn sonlar\u0131nda\u00a0Post\u2019un dijital edit\u00f6r\u00fc Cory Haik bir ekip kurarak ki\u015fiselle\u015ftirilmi\u015f i\u00e7erik sunacak bir sistem \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin siteye g\u00fcn ortas\u0131nda cep telefonundan giren daha k\u0131sa haberler g\u00f6recek. \u0130\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 araba kullan\u0131rken g\u00fcn\u00fcn haberlerini \u00f6zetleyen bir ses kayd\u0131yla; ak\u015fam\u00fcst\u00fc evdeki bilgisayar\u0131na ge\u00e7ti\u011findeyse daha uzun, foto\u011frafl\u0131 ve videolu i\u00e7erikle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015facak. Haik, okuyucunun siteye hangi kaynaktan ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Facebook, Google vb.), masa\u00fcst\u00fc bilgisayardan, tabletten mi yoksa cep telefonundan m\u0131 girdi\u011fi, hatta telefonu nas\u0131l tuttu\u011fu gibi verilerin i\u00e7eri\u011fi belirleyece\u011finden\u00a0bahsediyor<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zetle hem bir haber sitesine girdi\u011finizde g\u00f6rece\u011finiz haber se\u00e7kisi, hem de haberin format\u0131 (k\u0131sa-uzun, g\u00f6rselli-g\u00f6rselsiz, ses kayd\u0131-video vs.) de\u011fi\u015fken olacak.<\/p>\n

Bu geli\u015fmeler teknoloji merakl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 heyecanland\u0131rsa da etik olarak son derece tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131. \u00d6ncelikle A\/B testiyle edit\u00f6ryel duru\u015fu bir kenara b\u0131rak\u0131p her \u015feyi t\u0131klara, neyin pop\u00fcler olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re kararla\u015ft\u0131rmak kamuoyunu ilgilendiren bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli (ama \u2018s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131\u2019) haberi geri plana atabilir. Okuyucuya sunulan i\u00e7eri\u011fe, okuyucunun nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fini bilmedi\u011fi birtak\u0131m gizemli algoritmalar kullan\u0131larak karar verilmesi de olduk\u00e7a\u00a0sorunlu<\/a>.<\/p>\n

ABD Columbia \u00dcniversitesi Gazetecilik Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 Tow Dijital Gazetecilik Merkezi\u2019nin y\u00f6neticisi Emily Bell, 2014\u2019te Oxford\u2019daki bir\u00a0konu\u015fmas\u0131nda<\/a>\u00a0tam da bunu ele\u015ftiriyordu. Bell, art\u0131k hangi haberleri okudu\u011fumuza gazetecilerin de\u011fil Facebook gibi sitelerin – ve bu sitelerin algoritmalar\u0131n\u0131 yazan, gazetecilikle alakas\u0131 olmayan bilgisayar m\u00fchendislerinin – karar verdi\u011fine, bundan dolay\u0131 \u00f6nemli haberlerin g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7abilece\u011fine, hatta sans\u00fcrlenebilece\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekerek \u201c\u00d6zg\u00fcr bas\u0131n hala varsa, art\u0131k gazetecilerin kontrol\u00fcnde de\u011fil\u201d demi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

North Carolina \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Sosyolog Zeynep T\u00fcfek\u00e7i de 18 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Mike Brown\u2019un bir polis taraf\u0131ndan vurulmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Ferguson\u2019da ya\u015fanan protestolar hakk\u0131nda Facebook\u2019ta saatlerce hi\u00e7bir haber g\u00f6remedi\u011finden, Facebook yay\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n (News Feed) kafas\u0131ndan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 buzlu su boca eden insan videolar\u0131yla (ALS hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u015flat\u0131lan kampanya) dolup ta\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan\u00a0bahsetmi\u015fti<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Algoritma sorunsal\u0131, yak\u0131n zamanda Facebook\u2019un kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi bir deneyin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla g\u00fcndeme\u00a0oturdu<\/a>. Facebook 2012\u2019de yakla\u015f\u0131k 700 bin kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bir hafta boyunca \u2018akademik bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma\u2019 gere\u011fi kobay gibi kullanarak kimilerine \u00e7o\u011funlukla olumlu kimilerine de \u00e7o\u011funlukla olumsuz payla\u015f\u0131mlar g\u00f6sterdi. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonucunda olumsuz payla\u015f\u0131mlara maruz kalanlar\u0131n olumsuz, olumlulara maruz kalanlar\u0131n da olumlu payla\u015f\u0131m yapmaya daha meyilli oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ancak ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, deneyin Facebook kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fok etkisinin g\u00f6lgesinde kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Facebook 2008\u2019den itibaren yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 farkl\u0131 deneylerde yine kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n yay\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 manip\u00fcle ederek politikayla ilgili haber payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak ve baz\u0131 kullan\u0131c\u0131lara \u2018oy kullan\u0131yorum\u2019 butonu sunmak gibi fakt\u00f6rlerin oy vermelerini sa\u011flay\u0131p sa\u011flayamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u00a0test etti<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Yani Facebook kurucusu Mark Zuckerberg isterse, belli bir politik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f belirtmi\u015f kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 oy vermeye bile y\u00f6nlendirebilir!<\/p>\n

6- Anasayfa out, Facebook in<\/p>\n

Facebook\u2019un bir\u00e7ok haber sitesinin ana trafik kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulunca bu algoritma oyunlar\u0131 daha da \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc bir hal al\u0131yor. Pew Center\u2019\u0131n ABD\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re, 2011\u2019de internet kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n %11\u2019i haber okumak i\u00e7in Facebook veya Twitter kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyordu. 2014\u2019teyse ana haber kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sadece Facebook oldu\u011funu\u00a0belirtenlerin<\/a>\u00a0oran\u0131 %30\u2019a \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6zellikle de onlarca haber sitesi gezmekle u\u011fra\u015fmak istemeyenler i\u00e7in Facebook art\u0131k \u00f6nemli bir \u2018haber kayna\u011f\u0131\u2019 haline gelmi\u015f durumda. Bir nevi eskinin \u2018eve tek al\u0131nan gazete\u2019si.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n bir di\u011fer etkisi de haber sitelerinin ana sayfalar\u0131n\u0131n giderek \u00f6nem kaybetmesi.\u00a0New York Times\u2019\u0131n 2014\u2019te kamuoyuna s\u0131zan ve olduk\u00e7a ses getiren \u2018inovasyon raporu<\/a>\u2019nda okuyucular\u0131n sadece \u00fc\u00e7te birinin siteye do\u011frudan geldi\u011finden, \u00e7o\u011funun Google, Facebook ve Twitter gibi ikincil kaynaklardan y\u00f6nlendirildi\u011finden bahsediliyordu.<\/p>\n

Bir\u00e7ok haber sitesi bu durumdan dolay\u0131 art\u0131k ana sayfalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcncellemekten \u00e7ok sosyal medyada nas\u0131l \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kacaklar\u0131na odaklanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bunun bir riski, Google ve Facebook\u2019tan gelen trafi\u011fin daha \u00f6nce bahsetti\u011fimiz algoritmalara ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olmas\u0131. Google ve Facebook\u2019un kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 algoritmay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi \u00fczerine bir gecede milyonlarca okuyucu kaybeden sitelerin\u00a0hikayeleri<\/a>\u00a0uyar\u0131 niteli\u011finde.<\/p>\n

New York Times, ana sayfas\u0131na gelen okuyucu say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 – ve abonelikleri – art\u0131rman\u0131n daha uzun soluklu ve g\u00fcvenli bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm oldu\u011fu kanaatine varm\u0131\u015f\u00a0g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor<\/a>.\u00a0Times\u2019\u0131n duru\u015funu destekler nitelikte\u00a0ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar<\/a>, Facebook\u2019tan gelen okuyucular\u0131n – do\u011frudan gelenlere k\u0131yasla – sitede \u00e7ok daha az vakit ge\u00e7irdiklerini, ba\u015fka linklere t\u0131klamadan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve siteye ayn\u0131 ay i\u00e7inde tekrardan girmeye daha az meyilli olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Yani internette kal\u0131c\u0131 olmay\u0131 \u00f6nemseyen haber siteleri, trafik i\u00e7in Facebook\u2019a g\u00fcvenme konusunda son derece temkinli.<\/p>\n

Kaynak: P24<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in karanl\u0131k zamanlar: Bir yanda yay\u0131n yasaklar\u0131, tekelle\u015fmi\u015f medya ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet bask\u0131s\u0131, di\u011fer yanda tehdit edilen, sans\u00fcrlenen ve i\u015ften at\u0131lan y\u00fczlerce gazeteci\u2026 Memleketteki karanl\u0131k tabloyu bir kenara b\u0131rak\u0131p, son y\u0131llarda internet gazetecili\u011finde ya\u015fanan – ve ya\u015fanmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen – geli\u015fmeler hakk\u0131nda 10 maddelik bir derleme yapt\u0131k. Maddeler aras\u0131nda sanal ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin gazetecilikte kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":18,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jf_save_progress":"","_jf_limit_responses":"","jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_override_counter":[],"jnews_post_split":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[50],"tags":[49],"class_list":["post-280","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-tr","tag-genel"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0130\u015fte Gazetecili\u011fin Yeni Gelece\u011fi - International Journalists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/internationaljournalists.org\/tr\/iste-gazeteciligin-yeni-gelecegi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0130\u015fte Gazetecili\u011fin Yeni Gelece\u011fi - International Journalists\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"  T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in karanl\u0131k zamanlar: Bir yanda yay\u0131n yasaklar\u0131, tekelle\u015fmi\u015f medya ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet bask\u0131s\u0131, di\u011fer yanda tehdit edilen, sans\u00fcrlenen ve i\u015ften at\u0131lan y\u00fczlerce gazeteci\u2026 Memleketteki karanl\u0131k tabloyu bir kenara b\u0131rak\u0131p, son y\u0131llarda internet gazetecili\u011finde ya\u015fanan – ve ya\u015fanmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen – geli\u015fmeler hakk\u0131nda 10 maddelik bir derleme yapt\u0131k. 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