Cilene Victor \/ Brezilya \/ gazeteci ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 yazar. \u0130nsani Gazetecilik ve Medya M\u00fcdahaleleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma grubunun ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten Metodista \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde Profes\u00f6r. \u0130ran, Irak, L\u00fcbnan, Fas, T\u00fcrkiye, Polonya, Fransa, Bel\u00e7ika, Almanya, Japonya ve Ekvador\u2019a uluslararas\u0131 el\u00e7i olarak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen faaliyetler de dahil olmak \u00fczere insani konular\u0131 gazeteci olarak takip etti. Halk Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan\u0131nda doktora (USP), Planlama ve B\u00f6lge Y\u00f6netimi alan\u0131nda
post-doktora derecesine sahiptir<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Otoriter devletler s\u00fcrg\u00fcndeki ki\u015filerin faaliyetlerini kendi kurduklar\u0131 rejime tehdit olarak g\u00f6rmekte ve onlara sorun olu\u015fturmak amac\u0131yla bask\u0131 y\u00f6ntemine ba\u015fvurmakta.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir\u00e7o\u011fu, silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ve sava\u015f haberlerinin gazeteciler i\u00e7in di\u011fer habercilik t\u00fcrlerinden \u00e7ok daha tehlikeli oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yor. Gazetecilerin sadece otoriter rejimler alt\u0131nda devlet \u015fiddetine maruz kal\u0002d\u0131klar\u0131na da inan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphe yok ki, profesyonel medya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131, sava\u015flar\u0131 ve \u015fiddetli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 haber yapma ve totaliter rejimler alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma konusunda g\u00fc\u0002vende de\u011filler. Ancak halk\u0131n alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n aksine demokrasiler gazeteciler, foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131lar ve di\u011fer medya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in de g\u00fcvensiz bir hale geldi. \u00d6rne\u011fin Brezilya demokrasisinde, medya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 her g\u00fcn zul\u00fcm alt\u0131nda, taciz ediliyor ve karalan\u0131yorlar. Bu olaylar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek sald\u0131rgan\u0131, kad\u0131n gazetecileri ana hedef olarak se\u00e7en, canl\u0131 yay\u0131n s\u0131ras\u0131nda taciz eden, onlar\u0131 kor\u0002kutmay\u0131, utand\u0131rmay\u0131 ve kamuoyu \u00f6n\u00fcnde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u0002meyi ama\u00e7layan Ba\u015fkan Jair Bolsonaro\u2019dur. Kan\u0131t ve ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 olmadan alg\u0131 veya su\u00e7lamalardan bahsetmiyoruz. \u00dclkede gazetecilere y\u00f6nelik \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fiddet olay\u0002lar\u0131 katlanarak artt\u0131. \u00c7ok say\u0131da sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc (ST\u00d6) ve gazeteci sendikas\u0131 bu sindirme ve bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ih\u0002lallerini kay\u0131t alt\u0131na ald\u0131. Brezilya Ulusal Gazeteciler Federasyonu (FENAJ) ta\u0002raf\u0131ndan son yay\u0131nlanan Brezilya\u2019da Gazetecilere Y\u00f6nelik \u015eiddet ve Bas\u0131n \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin rapora g\u00f6re, 2020\u2019de gazetecilere 428 sald\u0131r\u0131 vakas\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve sadece 208\u2019nin kayda ge\u00e7ti\u011fi belirtiliyor. Bu sald\u0131r\u0131lar 2019 y\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re %105,77\u2019lik bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015f. FENAJ \u2018a g\u00f6re 2020 y\u0131l\u0131, 1990\u2019lardan bu yana bas\u0131na uygulanan en \u015fiddetli y\u0131l olarak kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f. Rapora g\u00f6re ayr\u0131ca, devlet ba\u015fka\u0002n\u0131 Jair Bolsonaro 428 davan\u0131n %40,89\u2019una e\u015fde\u011fer olan 175 Devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n bas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131, \u00fclkedeki pandemi vakalar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edemedi\u011fi, a\u015f\u0131 al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 geciktir\u0002di\u011fi, sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00f6nlemlerine ve bilimsel tavsiyelere kulak asma\u0002d\u0131\u011f\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fcmetindeki usuls\u00fczl\u00fck \u015f\u00fcpheleri ve \u00fc\u00e7 o\u011flunun siyasi bask\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fcyor. CBN Radyosundan gen\u00e7 gazeteci Victoria Abel\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 Ba\u015fkan Bolsonaro, bir etkinlik s\u0131ras\u0131nda gazeteci Vi\u0002ctoria Abel\u2019in Covaxin a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 ile ilgili sorular\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0002t\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine Ba\u015fkan, \u201cYine mi sen? \u00dcniversiteye geri d\u00f6nmelisin. Okula, anaokuluna geri d\u00f6nmelisin. Yeniden do\u011fman gerek. Sa\u00e7mal\u0131k! Nerede \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorsun?\u201d diyerek Abel\u2019e s\u00f6zl\u00fc olarak sald\u0131rd\u0131. \u015eiddetin artmas\u0131 ve bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ihlal edilmesi, Brezilya\u2019daki \u00f6zg\u00fcr kurumlar\u0131n demokratikli\u011fini bir kez daha sorgular hale geldi. H\u00fck\u00fcmet daha \u00f6nce demokrasi tarihinde hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar militarize edildi. Sadece ge\u00e7en y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcmette sivil olarak g\u00f6rev yapan 6157 ordu mensubu vard\u0131. Orduda da g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015f Eduardo Pazuello 10 ay s\u00fcre\u0002since Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131. Pazuello, hastanelerde oksijen yetersizli\u011fi ile ilgili ihmallerden sorgulan\u0131rken bu eksikli\u011fi Brezilya\u2019y\u0131 ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerini tehdit eden a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015finin sonucudur. Bolsonaro asla pes etmeyecek. 2022 se\u00e7imleri i\u00e7in \u015fim\u0002diden uyar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131: \u201cGelece\u011fim i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 alternatifim var: tutuklanmak, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmek ya da zafer kazanmak.\u201d 7 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de Brezilya\u2019n\u0131n Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kutlayan Bolso\u0002naro yeniden demokratik kurumlara tehditler savurdu. Destek\u00e7ilerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ba\u015fkan\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131y\u00f6netim ilan edebi\u0002lece\u011fine inanarak kutlama yapt\u0131. Askeri m\u00fcdahale, Y\u00fcksek Anketler, Bolsonaro\u2019nun bunu ba\u015farabilmesinin y\u00fcz\u0002de 64 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Sivil h\u00fck\u00fcmetin askeri vesayet alt\u0131nda kalaca\u011f\u0131, ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki gibi Brezilya demokrasisinin bug\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc ve gelece\u011fini bir kez daha tehdit ediyor. Bolsonaro\u2019yu y\u0131kmak o kadar da zor olmayabilir ama fa\u015fizmle k\u0131yaslanan ideolojisi \u201cbolsonarismo\u201dnun tama\u0002men y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekiyor. E\u011fer ikisiyle birden sava\u015fmazsak, ba\u015fkan se\u00e7menine birer cop verecek ve gazetecilere y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddet s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n UNESCO\u2019ya g\u00f6re, \u201culusal mevzuat ve uluslararas\u0131 ve kapsay\u0131c\u0131 anla\u015fmalar uyar\u0131nca halk\u0131n bilgiye eri\u015fimini sa\u011flamay\u0131 ve temel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri korumay\u0131\u201d ama\u00e7layan vurgu\u0002su yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu hedefin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 16.10.1 versiyonu, \u201cSon 12 ayda do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f gazetecilere, ilgili medya personeline, sendika \u00fcyelerine ve insan haklar\u0131 savunucular\u0131na y\u00f6nelik cinayet, adam ka\u00e7\u0131rma, zorla kaybetme, keyfi tutuklama ve i\u015fkence va\u0002kalar\u0131d\u0131r\u201d. Uluslararas\u0131 ve yerel protokollere, g\u00fcndemlere ve taahh\u00fct\u0002lere ra\u011fmen gazetecilere y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddet, sonu olmayan bir teh\u0002dit haline gelmi\u015ftir. UNESCO G\u00f6zlemevi\u2019nin son raporuna g\u00f6re, 2018-2019 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen sald\u0131r\u0131lar sonucunda 156 gazeteci \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Son on y\u0131l\u0131n en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyesi 2019\u2019da Gazetecilere, medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131na ve bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddetin en b\u00fcy\u00fck faili, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablolarda da ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi (VdS) devletlerdir. Gazetecileri Koruma Komitesi\u2019ne (CPJ) g\u00f6re, 1992-2021 y\u0131l\u0002lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 2077 gazeteci \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. \u00d6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen gazetecilerin 1400\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fcm sebebi belliyken geri kalanlar faili me\u00e7hul ola\u0002rak kaydedildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cinayet, hapis ve i\u015fkenceyle sonu\u00e7lanan \u015fiddete ek olarak, gazeteciler travma sonras\u0131 stres bozuklu\u011fu sorunlar\u0131 da ya\u015f\u0131yorlar. S\u0131n\u0131r Tan\u0131mayan Gazeteciler El Kitab\u0131, Gazeteciler i\u00e7in Em\u0002niyet K\u0131lavuzu, sava\u015flar, silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, afetler ve pandemi gibi trajedileri haber yaparken uyulmas\u0131 gerekenler konusunda Pandemi ile birlikte insani kriz kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda gazetecilerin fiziksel ve duygusal g\u00fcvenli\u011fi de dahil olmak \u00fczere ya\u015famam\u0131zda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemiz gereken unsurlar var. Bu durum, medya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanla\u0002r\u0131n\u0131 daha da fazla bask\u0131 alt\u0131na al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Cilene Victor \/ Brezilya \/ Gazeteci ve Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131, Yazar<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":23780,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jf_save_progress":"","_jf_limit_responses":"","jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"source_name":"","source_url":"","via_name":"","via_url":"","override_template":"0","override":[{"template":"1","single_blog_custom":"","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"top","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","show_post_reading_time":"0","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","show_zoom_button":"0","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"0","show_post_related":"0","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"override_image_size":"0","image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post":"0","trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post":"0","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","sponsored_post_name":"","sponsored_post_url":"","sponsored_post_logo_enable":"0","sponsored_post_logo":"","sponsored_post_desc":"","disable_ad":"0"},"jnews_primary_category":{"id":""},"jnews_override_counter":{"override_view_counter":"0","view_counter_number":"0","override_share_counter":"0","share_counter_number":"0","override_like_counter":"0","like_counter_number":"0","override_dislike_counter":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"jnews_post_split":{"enable_post_split":"0","post_split":[{"template":"1","tag":"h2","numbering":"asc","mode":"normal","first":"0","enable_toc":"0","toc_type":"normal"}]},"footnotes":""},"categories":[5934,737,1411],"tags":[6194,4748,5462],"class_list":["post-22735","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analiz","category-sektorel-durum","category-yazarlar","tag-cilene-victor-2","tag-international-journalists-association-2","tag-journalist-post"],"yoast_head":"\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
olay\u0131n sorumlusu olarak yer al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rakamlar, siyasi otorite taraf\u0131ndan taktiksel olarak s\u00fcr\u0002d\u00fcr\u00fclen bas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddetin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n derinlemesi\u0002ne anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fart k\u0131l\u0131yor. H\u00fck\u00fcmet, pandemiyi kontrol etmenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra i\u015fsizlik, a\u00e7l\u0131k ve yoksulluk gibi \u00fclkenin ger\u00e7ek sorunlar\u0131yla bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda kald\u0131k\u00e7a, daha agresif bir tutum sergiliyor. Bu sald\u0131r\u0131lar bas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131l\u0131yor ki bu demokrasilerde en b\u00fcy\u00fck tehdittir.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
yap\u0131lan s\u00f6zl\u00fc sald\u0131r\u0131 bu olaya bir \u00f6rnek. 25 Haziran\u2019da h\u00fc\u0002k\u00fcmetin pandemide ki rol\u00fcn\u00fc ara\u015ft\u0131rmak \u00fczere kurulan Parlamento Soru\u015fturma Komisyonu (CPI)\u2019nun sahte evrak\u0002lar\u0131 incelemesi ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Folha de S. Paulo Gazetesi\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan muhabir Patr\u00edcia Campos Mello de ara\u015ft\u0131rma habercili\u011finin kurbanlar\u0131ndan oldu. Mello, Bolsonaro\u2019nun se\u00e7im zaferini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi 2018\u2019in sonunda WhatsApp \u00fczerinden ger\u00e7ek d\u0131\u015f\u0131 haberle\u0002rin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ilgili bir haber kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Mello, sadece cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 de\u011fil o\u011fullar\u0131 ve destek\u00e7ileri taraf\u0131ndan bu haberinden dolay\u0131 tacize u\u011frad\u0131. Sosyal medyadan tacizler ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Sonras\u0131nda bu tacizler \u00f6l\u00fcm tehditleriyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerindeki sava\u015f ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015f\u0002malar\u0131 ele alan Patr\u00edcia Campos Mello bir s\u00fcre koruma ile gezmek zorunda kald\u0131.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
gidermek yerine bas\u0131n\u0131 engellemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Emekli bir ordu komutan\u0131 olan Ba\u015fkan Bolsonaro, oto\u0002riter profilini ve diktat\u00f6rlere olan hayranl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 asla gizle\u0002medi. Ba\u015fkan apolitik ve sol kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ideolojilerin sonucudur.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mahkeme\u2019nin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Brezilya\u2019daki siyasi medeni haklar\u0131 yok eden ve diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck rejimini daha da bask\u0131c\u0131 hale getiren kanunun iadesini isteyen destek\u00e7ileri sevin\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131 at\u0131yor.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
BREZ\u0130LYA \u0130ZOLE HALDE DE\u011e\u0130L
Brezilya\u2019da ya\u015fanan ger\u00e7ekler d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda gazete\u0002cilere y\u00f6nelik uygulanan \u015fiddet haritas\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131. UNESCO, 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda, kronikle\u015fen bu su\u00e7larla m\u00fccadele edebilmek, ya\u015fanan cinayetlerin adli soru\u015fturmalar\u0131 hak\u0002k\u0131nda bilgi toplayan bir veritaban\u0131n\u0131 1993 y\u0131l\u0131ndan \u00d6ld\u00fc\u0002r\u00fclen Gazeteciler G\u00f6zlemevi\u2019ni kurdu. Bu giri\u015fim, UNESCO\u2019nun Eyl\u00fcl 2015\u2019te t\u00fcm 193 BM \u00dcye \u00dclkesi taraf\u0131ndan oybirli\u011fiyle kabul edildi.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
kaydedildi ve say\u0131 57\u2019di. Cinayet say\u0131s\u0131nda bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Brezilya\u2019da g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi, \u00f6zellikle kad\u0131n gazetecilere y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131, sosyal medya sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 ve tacizler art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu tart\u0131\u015fmayla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olan bir di\u011fer ger\u00e7ek ise sava\u015f\u0131n ol\u0002mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkelerde cinayetlerin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131. Siyasi otoritenin, yolsuzlu\u011fun ve su\u00e7lar\u0131n sava\u015f kapsam\u0131ndan daha tehlikeli oldu\u0002\u011funu ortaya koymas\u0131. Toplam 57 cinayetten 22\u2019si Latin Amerika ve Karayipler\u2019de, 15\u2019i Asya-Pasifik\u2019te ve 10\u2019u Arap \u00fclkelerinde
meydana geldi. 2020\u2019de Latin Amerika\u2019da Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma Hedefi G\u00f6stergesi 16.10.1\u2019in Uygulanmas\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin G\u00f6lge Rapordan elde edilen veriler, \u201cVoces del Sur (VdS) taraf\u0131n\u0002dan 2021 Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma Y\u00fcksek D\u00fczeyli Siyasi Forumu i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir de\u011ferlen\u0002dirme\u201d olarak sunuldu.
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ku\u015fkusuz en kapsaml\u0131 belgedir.
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