MON\u0130R AHMAD\u0130 \/ Media \u00c7e\u015fitlilik Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019ta Gazeteci ve Programlar Geli\u015ftirme Asistan\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Medyan\u0131n ve ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir \u015fekil\u0002de b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi, Afganistan halk\u0131 i\u00e7in Taliban sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemin en \u00f6nemli ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftur. Bu
yaz\u0131da ele al\u0131nacak \u00e7e\u015fitli konular olacak. \u0130lk olarak, medyaya ili\u015fkin tarihsel perspektifi ve ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn yasal \u00e7er\u00e7e\u0002vesine k\u0131sa bir genel bak\u0131\u015f\u0131 vurgulamak istiyorum. Ard\u0131ndan Afganistan\u2019da gazetecilere ve medyaya y\u00f6nelik korku, \u015fiddet, otosans\u00fcr ve bask\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7genine ge\u00e7ece\u011fim.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Afganistan\u2019da 1996-2001 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda y\u00f6netimde bulu\u0002nan siyah Taliban rejimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, kad\u0131nlar dahil etnik ve dini az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n hi\u00e7birinin y\u00f6netimde s\u00f6z hakk\u0131 yoktu. Asl\u0131nda, ortada hi\u00e7bir medya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, konu\u015fma ve yazma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ad\u0131na bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yoktu. O zamanki tek medya organ\u0131, \u015eeriat\u0131n
Radyo Sesi olarak bilinen Taliban radyosuydu ve o d\u00f6nemdeki tek g\u00fcvenilir haber kayna\u011f\u0131 ise, i\u00e7eriklerin Pakistan ve Lond\u0002ra\u2019da \u00fcretildi\u011fi BBC Fars\u00e7a radyosuydu.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
AFGAN\u0130STAN\u2019IN \u0130LK YAZILI MEDYASI
Afganistan\u2019\u0131n medya ge\u00e7mi\u015fine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, 1873 y\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpar. O y\u0131l ise, Shamsunahar adl\u0131 ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 medyan\u0131n Kabil\u2019de yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131ld\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan, 1906\u2019da Seraj-ul-Akh\u0002bar adl\u0131 ikinci s\u00fcreli yay\u0131n bas\u0131ld\u0131. Muhalif bir yay\u0131n olan Se\u0002raj-ul-Akhbar, Afganistan ile \u0130ngiltere aras\u0131ndaki dostlu\u011fu
ele\u015ftirip s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik fikrine kar\u015f\u0131 bir tav\u0131r sergilemi\u015ftir. \u0130lk radyo kanal\u0131 1920\u2019de, ilk TV 1978\u2019de faaliyete ge\u00e7ti. Baz\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re ise, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n faaliyetleri 1940\u2019lar\u0131n sonlar\u0131na dayan\u0131r.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
YASALARLA BASIN \u00d6ZG\u00dcRL\u00dc\u011e\u00dc
\u0130fade, bilgi ve bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 34. maddesi ve Afganistan Kitle \u0130leti\u015fim Yasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 4. maddesi ile g\u00fcvence al\u0002t\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 50. Madde ise bilgiye eri\u015fimi korur. \u0130fade, bilgi ve medya \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fczenleyen yasal \u00e7er\u00e7eve, Afganistan Anayasas\u0131, Kitle \u0130leti\u015fim Hukuku, Bilgi Edinme \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Ka\u0002nunu, \u00d6zel Kitle \u0130leti\u015fim Ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n Kurulmas\u0131 ve Faaliyet\u0002leri Hakk\u0131nda Y\u00f6netmelik ile Ceza Kanunu\u2019nu i\u00e7ermektedir. 34. madde hem ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hem de bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u0002\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kesin bir \u015fekilde g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almaktad\u0131r. Bu madde sans\u00fcr\u00fcn herhangi bir \u00e7e\u015fidini \u015fiddetle yasaklar. Bu makale ayn\u0131 zamanda Afganistan\u2019da on y\u0131llar \u00f6nce ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u0002deki tarihsel bir geli\u015fmeyi de ele al\u0131p de\u011ferlendiriyor, anaya\u0002sal olarak h\u00fck\u00fcmetin yay\u0131nlardan \u00f6nce yay\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini
g\u00f6zlemleme ve kontrol etme hakk\u0131 vard\u0131 ve belirli h\u00fck\u00fcmet organlar\u0131 bas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmekle g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015fti.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u00dcK\u00dcMETTEN B\u0130LE KORUYAN D\u00dcZENLEME
D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, yay\u0131nlama \/ basma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc koruman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u201cdokunulmaz\u201d kelimesi (Fars\u00e7a Mas\u2019o\u0002on\u2019un \u00e7evirisi) hak sahiplerini herhangi bir fiziksel ve psikolojik sald\u0131r\u0131dan ve vatanda\u015flar\u0131n ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hakk\u0131n\u0131 herkesten \u2013 buna h\u00fck\u00fcmet dahil- herhangi bir m\u00fcdahaleden korur. Kitle ileti\u015fim hukuku ba\u011flam\u0131nda ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, IC\u0002CPR\u2019nin 19. maddesindeki ifadeye benzer \u015fekilde korunur, an\u0002cak mutlak de\u011fildir. \u0130fade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn hem olumlu hem de olumsuz y\u00f6nleri bu yasa kapsam\u0131nda korunmaktad\u0131r.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Afganistan\u2019da on y\u0131llarca s\u00fcren \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalardan sonra, yeni anayasa 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda onayland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, 34. madde ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcr\u0002l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn demokrasinin bir dire\u011fi ve kamuoyunu ayd\u0131nlat\u0002man\u0131n bir arac\u0131 olarak kabul edildi. Vatanda\u015flara, anayasan\u0131n alt\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck a\u011fac\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcrse, uyanan bir toplum kuraca\u011f\u0131 ve \u00fclkenin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine ve refah\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlayaca\u011f\u0131na dair umut a\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Tarihsel a\u00e7\u0131dan de\u011ferlendirecek olursak, yeni anayasa on y\u0131llarca s\u00fcren \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve i\u00e7 sava\u015ftan sonra y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011finden beri, t\u00fcm dikkatler istikrar, g\u00fcvenlik ve bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131na odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; bu nedenle 59. madde esas ola\u0002rak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, egemenlik ve ulusal birlik ba\u011flam\u0131ndaki k\u0131s\u0131tlamalara odaklanmaktad\u0131r.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
BEL\u0130RS\u0130Z KAVRAMLARLA KISITLI \u00d6ZG\u00dcRL\u00dcK
Bu makalede kullan\u0131lan dil olduk\u00e7a mu\u011flak, genel ve ya\u0002n\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r; Afganistan\u2019daki bask\u0131c\u0131 rejimlerin uzun tarihi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve geleneksel toplumun 180 derecelik bir U d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne sahip olmas\u0131 ve gizlili\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 demokratik \u00f6zg\u00fcr\u0002l\u00fck tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmesi olduk\u00e7a zordur. Bu nedenle pratik\u0002te \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve g\u00fcvenlik veya ulusal birlik aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak zordur. Ku\u015fkusuz bu makalede kullan\u0131lan \u201cmilli birlik\u201d ve \u201cegemenlik\u201d gibi di\u011fer terimler de son derece belir\u0002siz ve yorumlanabilir niteliktedir. Bu da uygulamada ifade \u00f6z\u0002g\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmet, medya yasas\u0131nda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fc\u0002len psikolojik g\u00fcvenli\u011fe zarar verme gerek\u00e7esiyle gazetecile\u0002rin intihar sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 sahnelerini izlemesini yasaklad\u0131. Bu yasak gazeteciler toplulu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131nand\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 yasan\u0131n 4. maddesiyle \u00e7eli\u015fen yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir k\u0131s\u0131tlama olarak kabul edildi. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, gazeteciler toplulu\u011fu h\u00fck\u00fcmetin bu karar\u0131na
galip geldi. Sadece mahkemeler de\u011fil, kovu\u015fturma ve g\u00fcvenlik yetki\u0002lileri de gazetecilere yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir \u015fekilde sald\u0131r\u0131yor. Bu ba\u011flam\u0002da, yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f bir makale Zaman Ahmadi\u2019ye 20 y\u0131l hapis cezas\u0131na mal oldu.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2001 AFGAN\u0130STAN \u0130\u00c7\u0130N TAR\u0130H\u0130 YIL
Ge\u00e7ici h\u00fck\u00fcmetin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 (2001) ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve medya i\u00e7in tarihi bir and\u0131. Vatanda\u015flar, sivil toplum kurulu\u015f\u0002lar\u0131, i\u015fletmeler ve siyasi partiler ilk kez \u00f6zel televizyon, radyo ve gazete gibi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z medya kurma hakk\u0131n\u0131 elde etti. Yakla\u0002\u015f\u0131k 38 milyonluk n\u00fcfusu ile Afganistan \u015fu anda 90\u2019\u0131n \u00fczerinde yerel ve ulusal televizyon kanal\u0131na, 175 radyo istasyonuna, 1000 civar\u0131nda yaz\u0131l\u0131 bas\u0131n ve birka\u00e7 haber ajans\u0131na ev sahip\u0002li\u011fi yapmaktad\u0131r. Bu zorlu 20 y\u0131ll\u0131k konu\u015fma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yolcu\u0002lu\u011fu s\u0131ras\u0131nda onlarca medya kurulu\u015fu kuruldu ve \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde radyo, Afganistan\u2019daki, \u00f6zellikle k\u0131rsal alan\u0002daki halk i\u00e7in birincil haber ve bilgi kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Fars\u00e7a, Pe\u015ftuca ve \u00d6zbek\u00e7e olarak haber, bilgi ve e\u011flence i\u00e7eri\u011fi sunan BBC, VOA, Radio Free Europe gibi baz\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 radyo kanallar\u0131 da faaliyet g\u00f6steriyor. Moby Group\u2019un \u00f6nde gelen ulusal radyo
ve televizyon kanallar\u0131, Arman radyo, Tolo TV ve TOLOnews, Killid Group, 1TV, Ariana TV, Ariana Radio vb. \u0130zleyici a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0002dan televizyon ikinci s\u0131ray\u0131 korurken, yaz\u0131l\u0131 bas\u0131n\u0131n okur oran\u0131 daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck. Afganistan\u2019da en \u00f6nde gelen gazete HashteSubh, Etilaatroz, Arman Mili\u2019dir.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ne yaz\u0131k ki, k\u00f6t\u00fc y\u00f6netim ve hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden yoksun olmas\u0131 nedeniyle Taliban ve isyanc\u0131 gruplar, \u00fclkenin baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde daha sonra h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan imha edi\u0002len FM radyo kanallar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ara s\u0131ra a\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k yanl\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7erikler yay\u0131nlama \u015fans\u0131 buldu
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
TAL\u0130BAN\u2019I K\u0130M CEZALANDIRAB\u0130L\u0130R?
Medyaya \/ gazetecilere y\u00f6nelik zorluklar, korku \u00fc\u00e7geni metaforuyla daha iyi a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir. Bir cisim hayal edin, sa\u011f \u00fcst k\u00f6\u015fesinde siyasi bask\u0131 ve sans\u00fcr olsun. Sol \u00fcst k\u00f6\u015fede otosan\u0002s\u00fcr ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel engeller var ve alt k\u00f6\u015fede ise \u015fiddet ve g\u00fcvenlik tehditleri yer al\u0131yor.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Afganistan\u2019da gazeteci olmak sadece tehlikeli de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda en zorlu mesleklerden biridir. Afganistan\u2019da gazete\u0002cilere y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddet, uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde \u00e7ok da fazla yans\u0131\u0002t\u0131lmayan ciddi bir insan haklar\u0131 ihlalidir. Gazeteciler \/ medya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda rutin olarak fiziksel \u015fiddet,
tehdit ve g\u00f6zda\u011f\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r. H\u00fck\u00fcmetin veya sava\u015f a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n ya da Taliban direni\u015f\u00e7ilerinin gazetecilere ve med\u0002yaya y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 genellikle cezas\u0131z kal\u0131r. Zaten Taliban\u2019\u0131 kim cezaland\u0131rabilir ki?
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
GAZETEC\u0130YE HER T\u00dcRL\u00dc \u015e\u0130DDET VAR HESAP VEREN YOK
Afganistan\u2019\u0131n Gazetecilerin G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Komitesi, Nai – Af\u0002ganistan\u2019daki A\u00e7\u0131k Medyay\u0131 Destekleme, Afganistan\u2019\u0131n Ulusal Gazeteciler Birli\u011fi gibi sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131, bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr\u0002l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc korumak i\u00e7in gazetecilerin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini savunmak, \u015fiddete kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etmek ve politikalar\u0131 etkilemek i\u00e7in \u00e7aba harc\u0131yor. Ayr\u0131ca gazetecilere y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddet vakalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenli olarak kaydediyorlar. Ancak yine de bir\u00e7ok \u015fiddet va\u0002kas\u0131 bildirilmiyor, bunlara kay\u0131ts\u0131z kal\u0131n\u0131yor. Bu \u015fiddet olay\u0002lar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131nda, fiziksel sald\u0131r\u0131lar, \u00f6ld\u00fcrme, adam ka\u00e7\u0131rma, dayak, yaralanma, tutuklama, sindirme, hakaret, kanunsuz davran\u0131\u015f ve haks\u0131z yere i\u015fe son verme yer al\u0131r.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gazetecilere ve medya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddetin ne\u0002denleri ve failleri sadece h\u00fck\u00fcmet veya Taliban de\u011fil. 2013\u2019ten 2020\u2019ye kadar olan verilere g\u00f6re, miktar olarak en \u00e7oktan en aza, 8 kategoride fail \/ neden \u015fu \u015fekilde s\u0131raland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cH\u00fck\u00fcmet (320 vaka), Taliban (152 vaka), bilinmeyen si\u0002lahl\u0131 ki\u015filer \/ gruplar (92 vaka), I\u015e\u0130D (82 vaka), yerel sava\u015f a\u011fa\u0002lar\u0131 (53 vaka), medya yetkilileri \/ sahipleri (18 vaka), protesto\u0002cular (13 vaka) do\u011fal afet (4 vaka).
Afganistan, gazeteciler i\u00e7in en \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl \u00fclkelerden biri olmu\u015ftur. 2001\u2019den beri, 130\u2019dan fazla gazeteci ve medya \u00e7al\u0131\u0002\u015fan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Medyaya, medya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131na ve gazetecilere y\u00f6nelik \u00e7o\u011fu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmemi\u015f, 1550\u2019den fazla \u015fiddet vakas\u0131 kayde\u0002dildi ve 2020\u2019den beri suikast vakalar\u0131 art\u0131yor.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
TAL\u0130BAN\u2019IN HEDEF\u0130 KADIN GAZETEC\u0130LER
Korku \u00fc\u00e7geninin sa\u011f \u00fcst k\u00f6\u015fesini siyasi bask\u0131lar ve i\u00e7e\u0002rik sans\u00fcr\u00fc olu\u015fturur. Medyay\u0131 sans\u00fcrlemek ve gazetecileri susturmak i\u00e7in, sadece cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n ofisi de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f yetkililer, yerel sava\u015f a\u011falar\u0131, komutan\u0002lar, g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7leri ve isyanc\u0131 gruplar da bask\u0131 uyguluyor. Bu ba\u011flamda, medya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle kad\u0131n gazeteciler, Ta\u0002liban taraf\u0131ndan korku yayan bir cinayet dalgas\u0131n\u0131n ortas\u0131nda \u015fiddetli bir \u015fekilde hedef al\u0131n\u0131yor. 2001 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana, g\u00fcvenlik ve siyasi bask\u0131, medya-ga\u0002zeteciler i\u00e7in iki \u00f6nemli endi\u015fe kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015fkan Kar\u0002zai\u2019nin y\u00f6netimi (2001-2014) medyaya ve gazetecilere kar\u015f\u0131 daha az bask\u0131c\u0131 ve otoriter davranm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2014\u2019teki g\u00f6revi s\u0131ra\u0002s\u0131nda bilgi edinme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yasas\u0131n\u0131 onaylamamas\u0131na ra\u011f\u0002men, y\u00f6netimde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcre boyunca ifade ve bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u0002\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn en parlak on y\u0131l\u0131 olarak bilinir. Uzmanlar, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u00fclkede iyi y\u00f6netimi kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015faramamas\u0131na
ra\u011fmen, medyan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ilerletti\u011fi ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ghani\u2019nin y\u00f6netimi (2014-g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz) ise, gazeteciler ve ba\u0002s\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en k\u00f6t\u00fc y\u00f6netim olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Ra\u0002porlara g\u00f6re, Ghani\u2019nin y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda medya ve ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcr\u0002l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn durumu k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fti. Yani gazeteciler ve medya, \u015fimdiye kadarki en k\u00f6t\u00fc g\u00fcvenlik ve sans\u00fcr zorluklar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CUMHURBA\u015eKANI\u2019NDAN GAZETEC\u0130LERE B\u0130REYSEL SALDIRI
Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Ghani, konu\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda medyaya ve gazetecilere y\u00f6nelik bireysel sald\u0131r\u0131lar dahil \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekiller\u0002de medyay\u0131 sans\u00fcrlemeye, Milli G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ele\u015ftirel gazetecileri tutuklamaya, yasalara kar\u015f\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131 med\u0002yaya vergi koymaya, edit\u00f6rler ve medya y\u00f6neticileriyle ayl\u0131k toplant\u0131lar d\u00fczenlemeye giderek daha fazla giri\u015fimde bulunuyor. Ulusal g\u00fcvenlik ve ulusal \u00e7\u0131kar sorunlar\u0131, medyan\u0131n devlet taraf\u0131ndan finanse edilen reklamlarla kontrol edilmesi, medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131yla kapal\u0131 toplant\u0131lar ve kilit h\u00fck\u00fcmet po\u0002zisyonlar\u0131na gazeteciler-medya edit\u00f6rleri atama dahil olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok faaliyetlerde bulunuyor.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nan en yeni sans\u00fcr \u00f6nlemleri, sos\u0002yal medya kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 teh\u0002dit etmeyi i\u00e7eriyor. Yaz\u0131l\u0131 medya sahipleri, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin atad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan sosyal medya arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tehdit ediliyor. Ma\u011fdurlar, bu t\u00fcr sosyal medya kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n finanse edil\u0002di\u011fine ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan teknolojik olarak desteklendi\u0002\u011fine inan\u0131yor.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
HAYATTA KALMAK \u0130\u00c7\u0130N OTOSANS\u00dcR
Son olarak, \u00fc\u00e7genin sol \u00fcst k\u00f6\u015fesini otosans\u00fcr ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel engeller olu\u015fturur. Yal\u0131n bir ifadeyle anlatmak gerekirse, gaze\u0002teciler hayatta kalmak i\u00e7in kendi eserlerine otosans\u00fcr uygu\u0002lamak zorunda kal\u0131yor. Bir habere g\u00f6re Taliban, bir muhabiri se\u00e7im komisyonundan al\u0131nt\u0131 yapmaya devam ederse evine sald\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 konusunda uyard\u0131. Ba\u015fka bir olayda ise, h\u00fck\u00fcmet yetkilileri gazetecileri h\u00fck\u00fcmet yetkililerini ele\u015ftiren hikaye\u0002leri i\u00e7in \u00f6z\u00fcr dilemeye zorlad\u0131.
Her ne kadar Medya yasas\u0131n\u0131n 4. maddesinde sans\u00fcr a\u00e7\u0131k\u0002\u00e7a yasaklanm\u0131\u015f olsa da: \u201cH\u00fck\u00fcmet, kitle ileti\u015fim \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc destekleyecek, g\u00fc\u00e7lendirecek ve garanti alt\u0131na alacakt\u0131r. Dev\u0002let ve devlet daireleri dahil hi\u00e7bir ger\u00e7ek veya t\u00fczel ki\u015fi, bilgi ve haber medyas\u0131n\u0131n serbest\u00e7e \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklayamaz, ,
sans\u00fcrleyemez veya s\u0131n\u0131rlayamaz veya i\u015flerine ba\u015fka bir \u015fe\u0002kilde m\u00fcdahale edemez.\u2019\u2019 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 muhabirler ve edit\u00f6r\u0002ler, g\u00fcvenlikleri i\u00e7in bir mekanizma olarak yolsuzluk, toprak gasp\u0131, uyu\u015fturucu ve kad\u0131nlara y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddet gibi hassas ko\u0002nular\u0131 haber yaparken ve yay\u0131n sonras\u0131 olu\u015facak muhtemel
olumsuz sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek ad\u0131na kendi yaz\u0131lar\u0131na otosans\u00fcr uygulamak durumunda kal\u0131yorlar.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gazetecilere-medyaya y\u00f6nelik otosans\u00fcr, \u015fiddet ve bask\u0131 birbirleriyle ili\u015fkili olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, ger\u00e7ek hayattaki va\u0002kalar incelendi\u011finde \u00e7o\u011fu zaman bunlardan yaln\u0131zca biri \u015fid\u0002detin ger\u00e7ek nedeni olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
MON\u0130R AHMAD\u0130 \/ Media \u00c7e\u015fitlilik Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019ta Gazeteci ve Programlar Geli\u015ftirme Asistan\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":22118,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jf_save_progress":"","_jf_limit_responses":"","jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"subtitle":"","format":"standard","video":"","gallery":"","source_name":"","source_url":"","via_name":"","via_url":"","override_template":"0","override":[{"template":"1","single_blog_custom":"","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"top","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","show_post_reading_time":"0","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","show_zoom_button":"0","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"0","show_post_related":"0","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"override_image_size":"0","image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post":"0","trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post":"0","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","sponsored_post_name":"","sponsored_post_url":"","sponsored_post_logo_enable":"0","sponsored_post_logo":"","sponsored_post_desc":"","disable_ad":"0"},"jnews_primary_category":{"id":""},"jnews_override_counter":{"override_view_counter":"0","view_counter_number":"0","override_share_counter":"0","share_counter_number":"0","override_like_counter":"0","like_counter_number":"0","override_dislike_counter":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"jnews_post_split":{"enable_post_split":"0","post_split":[{"template":"1","tag":"h2","numbering":"asc","mode":"normal","first":"0","enable_toc":"0","toc_type":"normal"}]},"footnotes":""},"categories":[5934],"tags":[6118,4748,5462,6117],"class_list":["post-22400","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analiz","tag-afganistan","tag-international-journalists-association-2","tag-journalist-post","tag-monir-ahmedi"],"yoast_head":"\n