{"id":47504,"date":"2026-05-17T00:45:06","date_gmt":"2026-05-16T22:45:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/internationaljournalists.org\/?page_id=47504"},"modified":"2026-05-18T09:38:02","modified_gmt":"2026-05-18T07:38:02","slug":"gazetecilerin-mulkune-el-koyma-uygulamasi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/internationaljournalists.org\/tr\/gazetecilerin-mulkune-el-koyma-uygulamasi\/","title":{"rendered":"Gazetecilerin M\u00fclk\u00fcne El Koyma Uygulamas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"47504\" class=\"elementor elementor-47504 elementor-47485\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b592385 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b592385\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ac673ed\" data-id=\"ac673ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7908dc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"f7908dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h1&quot;,&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;,&quot;h4&quot;,&quot;h5&quot;,&quot;h6&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:&quot;#footer&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__f7908dc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__f7908dc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__f7908dc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-797bb2f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"797bb2f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7e7e808\" data-id=\"7e7e808\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3780f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3780f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1><a name=\"_Toc229137722\"><\/a>I. Giri\u015f<\/h1><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol><li>Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin, ola\u011fan seyirde ter\u00f6r\u00fcn finansman\u0131 ile m\u00fccadelede kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele yasalar\u0131n\u0131 ve ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanmas\u0131yla ilgilidir. Yarg\u0131da Birlik (1) adl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmet yanl\u0131s\u0131 bir derne\u011fin Hakimler ve Savc\u0131lar Kurulu se\u00e7imlerini kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 2014 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana, T\u00fcrk makamlar\u0131, siyasi nedenlerle \u00fclkenin geni\u015fletilmi\u015f ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele yasalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131yor. 2016 darbe giri\u015fiminin ard\u0131ndan, 1,5 milyondan fazla ki\u015fi hakk\u0131nda adli soru\u015fturman\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, 622.646 ki\u015finin silahl\u0131 ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc \u00fcyeli\u011fi iddias\u0131yla soru\u015fturmaya tabi tutuldu\u011fu ve bunlardan 301.932\u2018sinin tutukland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc hal rejimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, bu uygulama doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. (2) T\u00fcrkiye Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 istatistiklerine g\u00f6re, savc\u0131lar\u0131n ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadelenin ana h\u00fckm\u00fc olan T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu\u2018nun (TCK) 314. maddesini kullan\u0131m\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli bir art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fan\u0131yor. Bu istatistikler, T\u00fcrk savc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n 2013-2020 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda TCK 314. Madde kapsam\u0131nda toplamda 420.000\u2018den fazla su\u00e7lamada bulundu\u011funun ve 2016-2020 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 265.000\u2018den fazla ki\u015finin ayn\u0131 madde kapsam\u0131nda mahk\u00fbm edildi\u011finin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmektedir. (3)<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"2\"><li>2020 tarihli bir karar\u0131nda, Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi B\u00fcy\u00fck Dairesi bu h\u00fckm\u00fcn hukuk niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmi\u015ftir. (4) Bu bariz insan haklar\u0131 ihlali yoluyla yaln\u0131zca \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck hakk\u0131 ihlal edilmekle kalmam\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda y\u00fcz binlerce ki\u015finin m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131 da hem idari hem de adli tedbirlerle ihlal edilmi\u015ftir. \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de M\u00fclkiyet Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Erozyonu\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir rapora g\u00f6re, 2016 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele bahanesiyle el konulan m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri 32 milyar ABD dolar\u0131. (5) Ayr\u0131ca, ayn\u0131 gerek\u00e7e ile, 213,696 ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n tapu kay\u0131tlar\u0131na \u0130dare ve Yarg\u0131 makamlar\u0131n\u0131n talebi ile tedbir konulmu\u015ftur. (6)<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><h1>II. T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin uluslararas\u0131 bask\u0131 kampanyas\u0131<\/h1><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"3\"><li>Freedom House\u2018a (\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Evi) g\u00f6re, ulus\u00f6tesi bask\u0131 \u201cnormal\u201d bir fenomen haline geliyor. Bu, otoriter devletlerin s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde ve ya diasporada ya\u015fayan muhalifleri susturmak i\u00e7in ulusal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi bir durum. (7) Hedeflerindeki isimleri ter\u00f6rle su\u00e7lamak, devletlerin bu t\u00fcr kampanyalarda kulland\u0131klar\u0131 bahanelerden biridir. Freedom House, raporunda 689 ulus\u00f6tesi bask\u0131 vakas\u0131n\u0131n %58\u2018inde devletlerin kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131 ter\u00f6rizmle su\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Rapor, devletlerin d\u00f6rt ana taktik uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna var\u0131yor; do\u011frudan sald\u0131r\u0131lar, di\u011fer \u00fclkelerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi, hareket kabiliyetinin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve uzaktan tehditler.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"4\"><li>2016\u2018dan sonra, T\u00fcrk H\u00fck\u00fcmeti \u201ci\u00e7 bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tan\u201d ulus\u00f6tesi bir bask\u0131 kampanyas\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. (8) \u00dclkeden ka\u00e7anlar bile art\u0131k g\u00fcvende de\u011fil.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Yak\u0131n zamana kadar, tek ba\u015f\u0131na veya ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 iadelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, T\u00fcrkiye\u2018nin uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131lar aras\u0131nda iade talepleri, \u0130nterpol\u2018\u00fcn ihbar sisteminin ve Kay\u0131p ve \u00c7al\u0131nt\u0131 Seyahat Belgesi Veritaban\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131larak hareket kabiliyetinin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 da yer al\u0131yor. G\u00fclen Cemaati mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye iadesi, 2016\u2018dan bu yana T\u00fcrkiye\u2018nin uluslararas\u0131 siyasi g\u00fcndeminin ilk s\u0131ras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor. Bu nedenle, T\u00fcrkiye 109 \u00fclkeye 1.000\u2018den fazla iade talebi g\u00f6nderdi. (9) Ancak, muhatap devletlerin mahkemelerinden hi\u00e7biri T\u00fcrkiye\u2018nin iade taleplerini kabul etmedi. Yunanistan, Almanya, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k, Brezilya, Romanya, Bosna, Polonya, Karada\u011f ve \u0130sve\u00e7 mahkemeleri, T\u00fcrk makamlar\u0131nca g\u00f6nderilen iade taleplerini, gerek su\u00e7lamalar\u0131n siyasi mahiyeti, gerek \u00e7ifte su\u00e7luluk testini ge\u00e7ememeleri, gerekse de T\u00fcrkiye\u2018de i\u015fkence veya k\u00f6t\u00fc muameleye maruz kalma riski nedeniyle reddetmi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>(10, 11) Benzer \u015fekilde, Interpol de siyasi do\u011fas\u0131\/g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fc nedeniyle T\u00fcrkiye\u2018den gelen 830\u2018dan fazla K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 B\u00fclten talebini reddetmi\u015ftir. (12, 13) Yine de T\u00fcrkiye, ya tek ba\u015f\u0131na ya da Kenya, Arnavutluk, Azerbaycan, Afganistan, Kambo\u00e7ya, Gabon, Kosova, Kazakistan, L\u00fcbnan ve Pakistan gibi \u00fclkelerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde, (hukuki s\u00fcre\u00e7 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n) yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 iadeler yoluyla 100\u2018den fazla ki\u015finin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye getirilmesinde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. (14)<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"5\"><li>2021\u2018de T\u00fcrkiye, ulus\u00f6tesi bask\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131na bir yenisini ekledi: uluslararas\u0131 ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele finansman\u0131 tedbirlerinin silahland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131. (A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanacakt\u0131r.)<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><h1>III. Arka Plan<\/h1><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"6\"><li>2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye, yasal eksiklikler ve kara para aklama ve ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele finansman\u0131 konular\u0131ndaki yetersiz uygulamalar\u0131 nedeniyle Mali Eylemler G\u00f6rev G\u00fcc\u00fc (FATF) (15) taraf\u0131ndan Gri Listeye al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Durumu d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in, 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ter\u00f6rizmin Finansman\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6nlenmesine Dair Kanun\u2018u (6415 Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun) \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f (16) ve 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda Gri Listeden \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"7\"><li>Aral\u0131k 2019\u2018da FATF, T\u00fcrkiye\u2018yi, \u00f6zellikle ter\u00f6rle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 malvarl\u0131klar\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131 ve kitle imha silahlar\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131 olmak \u00fczere, \u00e7e\u015fitli FATF tavsiyelerine uymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda uyard\u0131. (17) T\u00fcrkiye, FATF taraf\u0131ndan Gri Listeye al\u0131nmamak i\u00e7in Ocak 2021\u2018de Ter\u00f6r\u00fcn Finansman\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6nlenmesine Dair Kanun\u2018da de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapt\u0131.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"8\"><li>Bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerden, yap\u0131lan uyar\u0131ya en uygun h\u00fck\u00fcm, \u201cYabanc\u0131 devletlere yap\u0131lacak malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131 talepleri ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2018de bulunan malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Usulleri\u201dne (6415 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2018un 7. Maddesi) ili\u015fkin \u015fu h\u00fck\u00fcmd\u00fcr:<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3>Yabanc\u0131 devletlere yap\u0131lacak malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131 talepleri ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bulunan malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak i\u015flem<\/h3><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>MADDE 7 \u2013 (1) (De\u011fi\u015fik:27\/12\/2020-7262\/38 md.) 5 inci ve 6 nc\u0131 maddelerde d\u00fczenlenen hususlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, De\u011ferlendirme Komisyonu, 3 \u00fcnc\u00fc ve 4 \u00fcnc\u00fc madde kapsam\u0131na giren fiilleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi hususunda makul sebeplerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na istinaden ki\u015fi, kurulu\u015f veya organizasyonlar\u0131n yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerde bulunan malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131 talebiyle Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na \u00f6neride bulunulmas\u0131na karar verebilir.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>(2) Yabanc\u0131 devletlere yap\u0131lacak malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131 talepleri hakk\u0131ndaki Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 karar\u0131, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan talepte bulunulan devlete bildirilir.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>(3) (Ek:27\/12\/2020-7262\/38 md.) 5 inci ve 6 nc\u0131 maddelerde d\u00fczenlenen hususlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, mahkemelerce ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc oldu\u011funa kesin olarak karar verildikten sonra 3 \u00fcnc\u00fc ve 4 \u00fcnc\u00fc madde kapsam\u0131na giren fiilleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi hususunda makul sebeplerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na istinaden ki\u015fi, kurulu\u015f veya organizasyonlar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bulunan malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131na ve bu makul sebeplerin ortadan kalkmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na De\u011ferlendirme Komisyonunun \u00f6nerisi \u00fczerine Hazine ve Maliye Bakan\u0131 ile \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan birlikte karar verilebilir.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>(4) (Ek:27\/12\/2020-7262\/38 md.) \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kra kapsam\u0131nda verilen malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin karar derh\u00e2l uygulan\u0131r ve k\u0131rk sekiz saat i\u00e7inde, H\u00e2kimler ve Savc\u0131lar Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen Ankara a\u011f\u0131r ceza mahkemesinin onay\u0131na sunulur. Mahkeme, makul sebeplerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yapaca\u011f\u0131 inceleme neticesinde malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131na veya kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na be\u015f g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde karar verir ve sonucu derh\u00e2l Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011fa bildirir. Mahkemenin kararlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Ceza Muhakemesi Kanunu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re itiraz edilebilir.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>(5) (Ek:27\/12\/2020-7262\/38 md.) De\u011ferlendirme Komisyonu, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bulunan malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin karar\u0131n Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131ndan itibaren en ge\u00e7 alt\u0131\u015far ayl\u0131k d\u00f6nemlerle makul sebeplerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n devam edip etmedi\u011fini de\u011ferlendirerek \u00f6nerisini ilgili bakanlara sunar.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>(6) (Ek:27\/12\/2020-7262\/38 md.) \u0130lgililer taraf\u0131ndan malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin talepler De\u011ferlendirme Komisyonuna yap\u0131l\u0131r. Komisyon, taleplere ili\u015fkin \u00f6nerisini ilgili bakanlara sunar. Yerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen talepler d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kra uyar\u0131nca karar verilmek \u00fczere ilgili mahkemeye g\u00f6nderilir.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>(7) (Ek:27\/12\/2020-7262\/38 md.) \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kra uyar\u0131nca, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bulunan malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131na karar verildi\u011fi takdirde ilgililer hakk\u0131nda Ceza Muhakemesi Kanunu uyar\u0131nca soru\u015fturma a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 talebiyle su\u00e7 duyurusunda bulunulmas\u0131na Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan karar verilir. Soru\u015fturma ve kovu\u015fturma sonucunda verilen kararlar De\u011ferlendirme Komisyonuna sunulmak \u00fczere Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6nderilir.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"9\"><li>Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikten sonra, H\u00fck\u00fcmet, Nisan 2021\u2018de 377 ki\u015fi hakk\u0131nda malvarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir kararname \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Bu 377 ki\u015fiden 205\u2018i G\u00fclen Hareketi\u2018ne mensupken, geri kalan 172\u2018si ise PKK, DHKP\/C ve I\u015e\u0130D ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 isimlerdi. (18) Ancak, Kas\u0131m 2021\u2018de FATF, T\u00fcrkiye\u2018yi bir kez daha Gri Listesine ald\u0131 ve FATF ba\u015fkan\u0131, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye karma\u015f\u0131k kara para aklama vakalar\u0131yla etkin bir \u015fekilde ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2018in ter\u00f6r organizasyonu olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 I\u015e\u0130D ve El Kaide gibi \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin mali finansman\u0131na soru\u015fturma a\u00e7makta kararl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermelidir\u201d dedi ve FATF\u2019nin, T\u00fcrkiye\u2018nin sivil toplumuna y\u00f6nelik tutumunun insan haklar\u0131 derneklerini endi\u015felendirdi\u011finin de fark\u0131nda oldu\u011funu s\u00f6zlerine ekledi. (19) Aral\u0131k 2021\u2018de T\u00fcrkiye, 455\u2018ini G\u00fclen Hareketi mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu 770 ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015fiyi (20, 21) hedef alan ba\u015fka bir malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dondurma kararnamesini kabul etti.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><h1>IV. Nisan ve Aral\u0131k 2021\u2018de al\u0131nan malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131 kararlar\u0131na genel bak\u0131\u015f<\/h1><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"10\"><li>Bu iki karar G\u00fclen Hareketi, PKK, DHKP\/C ve I\u015e\u0130D\u2018i hedef ald\u0131. PKK, DHKP\/C ve I\u015e\u0130D uluslararas\u0131 ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131rken, T\u00fcrkiye\u2018den ba\u015fka G\u00fclen Hareketi\u2018ni ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olarak kabul eden bir \u00fclke yok. Buna ra\u011fmen, hedef al\u0131nan 1147 ki\u015fiden 670\u2018i G\u00fclen Hareketi ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olduklar\u0131 iddias\u0131yla hedef al\u0131nd\u0131. Gazeteciler, akademisyenler, yazarlar, \u00f6\u011fretmenler ve avukatlardan olu\u015fan bu 670 ki\u015finin bir\u00e7o\u011fu, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin siyasi g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc zulm\u00fc sebebiyle demokratik Bat\u0131 \u00fclkeleri taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma hakk\u0131 ald\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 20 Aral\u0131k 2021 tarihli ikinci Kararname\u2019nin hedefinde Br\u00fcksel merkezli Uluslararas\u0131 Gazeteciler Derne\u011fi \u00fcyesi 34 gazeteci vard\u0131. Bu gazeteciler \u015fu anda ABD, Almanya, Hollanda, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k, \u0130sve\u00e7 ve Kanada\u2018da ya\u015f\u0131yor. 22\u2018si halen yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda mesleklerini icra ediyor. 7 Nisan 2021 tarihli birinci Kanun H\u00fckm\u00fcnde Kararname\u2019de (KHK), yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fayan gazeteciler, k\u00f6\u015fe yazarlar\u0131, yazarlar ve akademisyenler hedef al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"11\"><li>Hedef al\u0131nan gazeteciler T\u00fcrkiye\u2018de ya\u015fanan insan haklar\u0131 ihlallerini ve yolsuzluk vakalar\u0131n\u0131 belgeliyor ve T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetini de sert bi\u00e7imde ele\u015ftiriyorlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Youtube kanal\u0131nda 450 bin abonesi ve Twitter\u2018da 222.000 takip\u00e7isi bulunan gazeteci Cevheri G\u00fcven, T\u00fcrkiye\u2018de ya\u015fanan i\u015fkence, keyfi tutuklama ve yolsuzluk davalar\u0131na geni\u015f yer veriyor. Benzer \u015fekilde Bold Medya\u2018n\u0131n (Youtube\u2018da 385.000 abonesi bulunan) gazetecisi Sevin\u00e7 \u00d6zarslan da kad\u0131nlara y\u00f6nelik i\u015fkence ve hapis olaylar\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131yor. 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hollanda Kraliyet Ni\u015fan\u0131\u2018na lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen Hollanda merkezli gazeteci Basri Do\u011fan da hedef al\u0131nan gazeteciler aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor. (22) Hollanda\u2018da De Krant Tekening adl\u0131 bir gazetenin genel yay\u0131n y\u00f6netmeni olan gazeteci Mehmet Cerit de T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan hedef al\u0131nanlar aras\u0131nda. (23) T\u00fcrkiye\u2018deki radikalle\u015fmeyi ve T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin cihat\u00e7\u0131 gruplarla ili\u015fkisini geni\u015f bir \u015fekilde ele alan ve 2020\u2019de fiziksel sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan \u0130sve\u00e7 merkezli Nordic Monitor\u2018un genel yay\u0131n y\u00f6netmeni gazeteci Abdullah Bozkurt, (24) 20 Aral\u0131k 2021 tarihli KHK ile hedeflenen isimlerden biri. (25)<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Bir di\u011fer Nordic Monitor gazetecisi Levent Kenez de 20 Aral\u0131k 2021 Kararnamesi\u2018nin hedef ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 isimlerdendir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2018nin ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz g\u00fcnlerde Kenez i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 iade talebi \u0130sve\u00e7 mahkemeleri taraf\u0131ndan siyasi niteli\u011fi ve liyakat eksikli\u011fi nedeniyle reddedildi. (26) \u201cYap\u0131m A\u015famas\u0131nda Bir Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n \u0130sve\u00e7\u2018te ya\u015fayan gazeteci ve akademisyen yazar\u0131 B\u00fclent Kene\u015f de T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin hedefi olan isimler aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h1>V. Nisan ve Aral\u0131k 2021\u2018de al\u0131nan malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131 kararlar\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131<\/h1><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"12\"><li>Gazetecilerin ve di\u011fer h\u00fck\u00fcmet ele\u015ftirmenlerinin mali konulardaki bask\u0131s\u0131, uzun s\u00fcredir T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin bask\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131 listesinde yer al\u0131yor. Aral\u0131k 2016\u2018da, \u0130stanbul Sulh Ceza H\u00e2kimli\u011fi, 54 gazetecinin mal varl\u0131klar\u0131na el konulmas\u0131na karar verdi. (27) Yukar\u0131da bahsedildi\u011fi gibi, ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele bahanesiyle 32 milyar ABD dolar\u0131 de\u011ferinde mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na el konulmu\u015f ve ayn\u0131 gerek\u00e7e ile, 213,696 ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n tapu kay\u0131tlar\u0131na \u0130dare ve Yarg\u0131 makamlar\u0131n\u0131n talebi ile tedbir konulmu\u015ftu. (28) \u0130stanbul Sulh Ceza Hakimli\u011fi\u2018nin Aral\u0131k 2016 tarihli karar\u0131yla hedef al\u0131nan gazeteciler, \u015fimdi de KHK ile hedef al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de mal varl\u0131klar\u0131na Hakimlik karar\u0131 ile el konulabildi\u011finden veya dondurulabildi\u011finden, ayr\u0131ca bir \u0130dari Kararnameye gerek yoktur. \u015eu da a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki, 2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ilgili iki KHK, ter\u00f6r\u00fcn finansman\u0131 ile m\u00fccadele konusunda uluslararas\u0131 sistemi k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanarak yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki gazetecilere zulmetmeyi ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><h2>a. 6415 say\u0131l\u0131 kanun\u2018un 7. Maddesinde yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklik<\/h2><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"13\"><li>27 Aral\u0131k 2020 tarihli bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikle T\u00fcrkiye, ba\u015fka \u00fclkelere malvarl\u0131klar\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131 taleplerinin g\u00f6nderilebilece\u011fi yeni bir teknik ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>MADDE 7 \u2013 (1) (De\u011fi\u015fik:27\/12\/2020-7262\/38 md.) 5 inci ve 6 nc\u0131 maddelerde d\u00fczenlenen hususlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, De\u011ferlendirme Komisyonu, 3 \u00fcnc\u00fc ve 4 \u00fcnc\u00fc madde kapsam\u0131na giren fiilleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi hususunda makul sebeplerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na istinaden ki\u015fi, kurulu\u015f veya organizasyonlar\u0131n yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerde bulunan malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131 talebiyle Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na \u00f6neride bulunulmas\u0131na karar verebilir.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>(2) Yabanc\u0131 devletlere yap\u0131lacak malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131 talepleri hakk\u0131ndaki Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 karar\u0131, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan talepte bulunulan devlete bildirilir.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"14\"><li>Bu yeni idari teknik, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin niyetinin, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndakileri hedef almak oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu nedenle de, T\u00fcrkiye\u2018de bulunan mal varl\u0131klar\u0131na adli makamlarca el konulanlar hakk\u0131nda iki KHK kabul edilmi\u015ftir. (Bkz: s12, s18-22)<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><h2>b. Yabanc\u0131 Mali Kurulu\u015flar ve Mali \u0130stihbarat Birimi \u00fczerinde etki kullanma<\/h2><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"15\"><li>T\u00fcrkiye\u2018de 21\u2018i yabanc\u0131 olmak \u00fczere 54 banka vard\u0131r. (29) Ayr\u0131ca, 27 adet \u00f6deme kurulu\u015fu (30) ve 29 adet elektronik para kurulu\u015fu bulunmaktad\u0131r. (31) Bunlar\u0131n tamam\u0131 T\u00fcrk kanun ve y\u00f6netmeliklerine tabi olup, Bankac\u0131l\u0131k D\u00fczenleme ve Denetleme Kurumu (BDDK), Merkez Bankas\u0131 ve Mali Su\u00e7lar\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu (MASAK) taraf\u0131ndan denetlenmektedir. (32)<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"16\"><li>Ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrkiye\u2018de \u00e7ok uluslu ekonomik istihbarat ve DD (due diligence) \u015firketlerinin de \u015fubeleri bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ki\u015fisel veriler de dahil olmak \u00fczere verileri toplayan, i\u015fleyen ve d\u00fcnya genelindeki m\u00fc\u015fterileriyle payla\u015fan Refinitiv-World Check ve Lexis-Nexis gibi \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketlerin, T\u00fcrkiye\u2018de \u015fubeleri veya ortaklar\u0131 bulunuyor.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"17\"><li>Bu y\u00f6ntemlerle, T\u00fcrk makamlar\u0131n\u0131n ele\u015ftirenlerine y\u00f6nelik ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 siyasi kovu\u015fturma tedbirlerine ili\u015fkin veriler, bu banka ve \u015firketlerin veri bankalar\u0131na i\u015flenerek ve yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na aktar\u0131larak yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerdeki veri tabanlar\u0131na d\u00e2hil edilebilmektedir. Bu konu, ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f ger\u00e7ek olaylara dayanarak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanacakt\u0131r. (Bkz: s18-22)<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><h1>VI. Bu rapor i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan anketin bulgular\u0131:<\/h1><p>Nisan ve Aral\u0131k 2021\u2018de al\u0131nan malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131 kararlar\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"18\"><li>Bu rapor kapsam\u0131nda, bahsi ge\u00e7en KHKlar ile hedeflenen 34 ki\u015fi ile bir anket \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdik. Halen yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fayan 34 ki\u015finin 13\u2018\u00fc akademisyen, 6\u2018s\u0131 gazeteci, 2\u2018si insan haklar\u0131 savunucusu, 1\u2018i avukat, 2\u2018si \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencisi ve 10\u2018u di\u011fer mesleklerdendir. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n 20\u2019si siyasi m\u00fclteci olarak kabul edilmi\u015fken, 10\u2019u siyasi zul\u00fcm korkusu nedeniyle yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fayan g\u00f6\u00e7menler ve 4\u2018\u00fc de \u00e7ifte uyruklu T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2018nde 17, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2018ta 9, ABD ve Kanada\u2018da 8 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131yor.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"19\"><li>34 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131dan 17\u2018sinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2018de mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yok. T\u00fcrkiye\u2018de mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunan 17 ki\u015fiden 12\u2018si ise daha \u00f6nce yarg\u0131 karar\u0131yla malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dondurma i\u015flemine tabi tutulmu\u015f. Bu t\u00fcr bir eylemin amac\u0131, onlar\u0131 yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hedef almak olmasayd\u0131, 34 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131dan 29\u2018unun bu Kararname kapsam\u0131ndaki eylemlere d\u00e2hil edilmesinin bir anlam\u0131 olmazd\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ki\u015filerin ya T\u00fcrkiye\u2018de mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunmamakta ya da yarg\u0131 karar\u0131yla malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dondurma i\u015flemine tabi tutulmu\u015flar.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"20\"><li>19 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131, ilgili Kararnamenin yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131n hemen ard\u0131ndan bir veya birden fazla olumsuz sonu\u00e7la kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmi\u015ftir. 9 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n banka hesab\u0131 a\u00e7mas\u0131 engellenirken, 3 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n hesaplar\u0131 bankalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n kredi kartlar\u0131 iptal edilmi\u015f, 3 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n online \u00f6deme platformlar\u0131ndaki hesaplar\u0131 kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Alman Die Welt gazetesi, Deutsche Bank\u2018\u0131n T\u00fcrk as\u0131ll\u0131 baz\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fterilerinin hesaplar\u0131n\u0131 da ayn\u0131 nedenle kapatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmi\u015ftir. (33) Ayr\u0131ca 5 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n bankas\u0131, kendilerini m\u00fc\u015fteri olarak kabul edip etmeyeceklerine karar verebilmek i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131klama talep etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"21\"><li>Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, bankas\u0131n\u0131n veya online \u00f6deme platformlar\u0131n\u0131n, Worldcheck Refinitiv ve Lexis Nexis veritabanlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bu kararlar kapsam\u0131ndaki listelerden haberdar oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylerken, di\u011ferleri \u00fclkesindeki T\u00fcrk b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011finin bankalar\u0131 ziyaret ederek KHK hakk\u0131nda bilgi verdi\u011fini ifade etmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"22\"><li>Bu bulgular, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin ulus\u00f6tesi siyasi bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 gizlemek i\u00e7in ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc, T\u00fcrk D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yabanc\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri kand\u0131ramasa da, bankalar ve di\u011fer finans kurumlar\u0131 gibi \u00f6zel kurulu\u015flar\u0131 etkilemede ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><h1>VII. Ter\u00f6r\u00fcn finansman\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesine dair kanunda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikliklere ili\u015fkin raporlar (6415 Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun)<\/h1><p>\u00a0<\/p><h2>a. Uluslararas\u0131 Af \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn Raporu:<\/h2><p>Ter\u00f6rle M\u00fccadelenin Silahlanmas\u0131 | T\u00fcrkiye sivil toplumu hedef almak i\u00e7in ter\u00f6rizmin finansman\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmesinden faydalan\u0131yor (34)<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"23\"><li>Rapor \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>6415 say\u0131l\u0131 kanun \u201cter\u00f6rizmin finansman\u0131\u201d su\u00e7unu d\u00fczenlemektedir ve kanun gere\u011fince ter\u00f6rizmin finansman\u0131n\u0131n engellenmesi i\u00e7in malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131na karar verilebilir. Bu yasaya g\u00f6re, 12 Nisan 1991 tarihli 3713 say\u0131l\u0131 Ter\u00f6rle M\u00fccadele Kanunu kapsam\u0131nda ter\u00f6r su\u00e7u olarak kabul edilen fiiller i\u00e7in fon sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ya da toplanmas\u0131 yasakt\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 hukukta ter\u00f6rizmin tan\u0131m\u0131 konusunda bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bu durum, devletlerin, \u00e7o\u011funlukla mu\u011flak ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 geni\u015f olan kendi tan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmeleri sonucunu do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele yasalar\u0131ndaki bu belirsizlik, tam olarak neyin \u201cter\u00f6rizm\u201d say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 konusunda da bir kesinli\u011fin olmamas\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r. BM \u00d6zel Raport\u00f6rlerinin 26 A\u011fustos 2020 tarihinde T\u00fcrkiye h\u00fck\u00fcmetine g\u00f6nderdikleri mektupta, T\u00fcrkiye hukukunda \u201cter\u00f6rizmin\u201d \u00f6l\u00fcm ya da a\u011f\u0131r yaralamaya neden olacak spesifik kas\u0131t gibi belli bir su\u00e7 fiiline g\u00f6re de\u011fil, bir \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn siyasi hedeflerine g\u00f6re tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, 3713 say\u0131l\u0131 Ter\u00f6rle M\u00fccadele Kanunu\u2019nun 2. maddesi, bir ki\u015finin ter\u00f6r su\u00e7lusu olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in devlete kar\u015f\u0131 spesifik ve a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde listelenen zararlara neden olacak ciddi bir su\u00e7 i\u015fledi\u011fine dair bir gereklilik i\u00e7ermemektedir. 3713 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 3. ve 4. maddeleri T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu uyar\u0131nca ceza verilebilecek mu\u011flak ter\u00f6r su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 listelemektedir. \u201cTer\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc propagandas\u0131 yapma\u201d su\u00e7unu d\u00fczenleyen Madde 7\/2, propaganda ya da silahl\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fcte yard\u0131m su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n bir dernek mek\u00e2n\u0131nda i\u015flenmesi durumunda dernek ve vak\u0131flara da uygulanabilmektedir. Propaganda su\u00e7u bir derne\u011fin ya da vakf\u0131n feshine gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6sterilebilir. T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu\u2019nun 314. Maddesi (ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc \u00fcyeli\u011fi), 220\/6 Maddesi (\u00fcyesi olmamakla birlikte bir ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc ad\u0131na su\u00e7 i\u015flemek), ve 220\/7 Maddesi (\u00fcyesi olmamakla birlikte bir ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcne yard\u0131m etmek) gibi ter\u00f6r su\u00e7lar\u0131 ile ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, ki\u015fileri rutin bir \u015fekilde haklar\u0131nda bu su\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u015flediklerine dair a\u00e7\u0131k ve ikna edici deliller bulunmaks\u0131z\u0131n yarg\u0131lamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Savc\u0131lar, ne t\u00fcr eylemlerin silahl\u0131 bir gruba yard\u0131m su\u00e7lamas\u0131 kapsam\u0131na girece\u011fi, bu t\u00fcr bir yard\u0131m\u0131n hangi durumlarda su\u00e7 te\u015fkil edebilece\u011fi ya da yasalara g\u00f6re su\u00e7 te\u015fkil eden bir eylemin su\u00e7un planlanmas\u0131 ya da i\u015flenmesi ile do\u011frudan do\u011fruya ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi konusunda net kriterler ortaya koyamamaktad\u0131rlar. \u00c7o\u011fu vakada, savc\u0131lar, ki\u015finin bir ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcyle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren kan\u0131tlar\u0131 ortaya koyamad\u0131klar\u0131 gibi zanl\u0131n\u0131n bir ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcne yard\u0131m ve yatakl\u0131k etme su\u00e7unu i\u015fledi\u011fini kan\u0131tlamak i\u00e7in de \u00e7abalamamaktad\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rneklerin de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi son be\u015f y\u0131lda, ki\u015fileri haklar\u0131nda inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ve yeterli delil olmadan ve sadece bilinen ya da varsay\u0131lan siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinden dolay\u0131 geni\u015f ve tan\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f ter\u00f6r su\u00e7lar\u0131 ile yarg\u0131lamak ve mahk\u00fbm etmek rutin bir yarg\u0131 prati\u011fi haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"24\"><li>Ayn\u0131 Uluslararas\u0131 Af \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc raporu, T\u00fcrk makamlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele yasalar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n, ma\u011fdurlar ad\u0131na bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi:<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u0130nsan haklar\u0131n\u0131n yasal olarak uygulanabilir olmas\u0131 ve etkin hukuk yollar\u0131na eri\u015fim i\u00e7in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve tarafs\u0131z bir yarg\u0131 esast\u0131r. Son y\u0131llarda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2018de yarg\u0131 \u00fczerinde y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin kontrol\u00fc ve siyasi etkileri ciddi \u015fekilde artt\u0131; bu da mahkemelerin as\u0131ls\u0131z iddianameleri rutin olarak kabul etmesine ve sivil toplum akt\u00f6rlerini yaln\u0131zca h\u00fck\u00fcmet politikalar\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirdikleri veya h\u00fck\u00fcmetin siyasi muhalifleri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fckleri i\u00e7in yarg\u0131lamas\u0131na ve mahk\u00fbm etmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu \u201ckan\u0131ta gerek yok\u201d olgusu, T\u00fcrkiye yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 zay\u0131flatarak, anlaml\u0131 bir ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k kavram\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc noktaya kadar getirdi. H\u00e2kimler ve savc\u0131lar, h\u00fck\u00fcmete kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen kararlar ald\u0131klar\u0131 takdirde tayin edilme, g\u00f6revden al\u0131nma veya disiplin soru\u015fturmas\u0131 ve cezai soru\u015fturmaya tabi tutulma riskleri ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli olarak yersiz bir bask\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131yor. T\u00fcrkiye, Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan verilen kararlarda ihlal say\u0131s\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Avrupa Konseyi b\u00f6lgesinde ikinci s\u0131rada yer almaktad\u0131r. Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye ile ilgili 97 karar\u0131n 85\u2018inde en az bir ihlal tespit etti ve 16 kararda 5. madde (ki\u015fi h\u00fcrriyeti ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi hakk\u0131); 23 kararda 6. madde (adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131); 31 kararda 10. madde (ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc); ve 11 kararda 11. madde (toplanma ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc) ile ilgili olmak \u00fczere birden fazla ihlal tespit edildi.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>2016\u2019daki darbe giri\u015fiminin ard\u0131ndan ilan edilen ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc hal d\u00f6neminde T\u00fcrkiye\u2018de usule dair g\u00fcvenceler ve etkin i\u00e7 hukuk yollar\u0131na eri\u015fim \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u00f6t\u00fcye gitti. Bunun sonucunda ne yaz\u0131k ki uluslararas\u0131 standartlara g\u00f6re adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131 zay\u0131flat\u0131ld\u0131. Masumiyet karinesi ilkesi ve etkin temyiz hakk\u0131, cezai kovu\u015fturmalarda ve yarg\u0131s\u0131z ihra\u00e7larda da rutin olarak ihlal edildi. Bu t\u00fcr adil yarg\u0131lanma ihlalleri, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc halin 2018\u2018de sona ermesinin ard\u0131ndan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l \u00f6nlemlerinin bir\u00e7o\u011funun sonradan ola\u011fan ceza hukukuna dahil edilmesi nedeniyle halen devam etmektedir. 2016-2018 ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l d\u00f6neminde 1.300\u2018den fazla dernek ve vak\u0131f ile 180\u2018den fazla medya kurulu\u015fu, \u201cter\u00f6r\u201d \u00f6rg\u00fctleriyle belirsiz ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6sterilerek, kararnamelerle kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak kapat\u0131ld\u0131. \u2026 Bu t\u00fcr kanun h\u00fckm\u00fcnde kararnameler, yaln\u0131zca formalite olarak parlamenter veya yarg\u0131sal denetime tabi gibi g\u00f6sterildi. Anayasa Mahkemesi, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l kapsam\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan kanun h\u00fckm\u00fcnde kararnameleri incelemeye yetkili olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ederek, devletin yetki alan\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan durumlarla ilgili ba\u015fvurular\u0131 reddetti. Sendikac\u0131lar ve insan haklar\u0131 alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan akademisyenler de dahil olmak \u00fczere yakla\u015f\u0131k 130.000 kamu sekt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131, ilgili makamlar\u0131n \u201cyasakl\u0131 gruplar(\u0131n)\u2026 par\u00e7as\u0131, onlarla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 veya ileti\u015fim halinde\u2026\u201d olduklar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ortaya att\u0131klar\u0131 temellendirilmemi\u015f iddialar nedeniyle g\u00f6revlerinden ihra\u00e7 edildi, kamu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve hatta kendi mesleklerini icra etmeleri daimi olarak yasakland\u0131. \u0130hra\u00e7 kararlar\u0131, su\u00e7 isnad\u0131na ili\u015fkin belirli kan\u0131tlar\u0131 ya da ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7ermiyordu. Bunlar aras\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye yarg\u0131 mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te birini olu\u015fturan 4 binden fazla h\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131, herhangi bir somut delil veya adil bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n \u201cter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleriyle\u201d ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olduklar\u0131 iddias\u0131yla KHK\u2018lar \u00fczerinden olu\u015fturulan basitle\u015ftirilmi\u015f usullerle g\u00f6revden al\u0131nd\u0131lar. Bu da masumiyet karinesi ilkesi ve adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131 ile ki\u015fi h\u00fcrriyeti ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi haklar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve dola\u015f\u0131m \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc haklar\u0131n\u0131 da kapsayan bir dizi insan hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlaline yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u0130ki y\u0131ll\u0131k ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l s\u00fcrecinde, ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele ad\u0131na ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l yetkilerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131; yasal ve idari tedbirler ve g\u00fcvenlik tedbirleri \u00fczerinden savunma ve adil yarg\u0131lanma haklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 da kapsayan uygulamalar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla insan haklar\u0131ndan yararlanmay\u0131 ve ceza adalet sisteminin i\u015fleyi\u015fini olumsuz etkiledi. Yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi gibi, bu tedbirler, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc hal sona erdikten sonra, onlar\u0131 ola\u011fan hukuka dahil eden 7145 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2018un y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesi nedeniyle uygulanmaya devam etti. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, T\u00fcrkiye yetkilileri, sivil toplum akt\u00f6rlerini ve muhalif olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri hakimler ve i\u015f\u00e7iler de dahil di\u011fer ki\u015fileri hedef almak i\u00e7in kendilerine devaml\u0131 olarak kulland\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir yetkiler dizisini bah\u015fetti ve istisnai tedbirlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u201cnormalle\u015ftirdi\u201d. 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye Anayasas\u0131\u2018nda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, H\u00e2kimler ve Savc\u0131lar Y\u00fcksek Kurulu\u2019nun olu\u015fumunda ve \u00fcyelerinin atanma usul\u00fcnde de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri i\u00e7eriyordu. Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin HSK \u00fczerinde siyasi etki uygulama g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rarak yarg\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 daha da a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir yarg\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin 7262 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun kapsam\u0131ndaki eylemlerinden kaynaklanan insan haklar\u0131 ihlallerine itiraz etmek ve etkin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm talebinde bulunmak isteyen k\u00e2r amac\u0131 g\u00fctmeyen kurulu\u015flara \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir ba\u015fvuru hakk\u0131 tan\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"25\"><li>Uluslararas\u0131 Af \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar ger\u00e7e\u011fi yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dondurma kararlar\u0131n\u0131 inceleme yetkisine sahip olan Ankara 4. A\u011f\u0131r Ceza Mahkemesi, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya konu olan Nisan ve Aral\u0131k 2021 tarihli kararlar\u0131, 9 Nisan 2021 (35) ve 29 Aral\u0131k 2021 (36) tarihlerinde onaylam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1100\u2018den fazla ki\u015finin haklar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirildi\u011fi mahkemenin gerek\u00e7eli karar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan b\u00f6l\u00fcmler, esas olarak yasal h\u00fck\u00fcmlere at\u0131fta bulunulan yakla\u015f\u0131k bir bu\u00e7uk sayfadan olu\u015fuyor. Karara yap\u0131lan itirazlar, Ankara 5. A\u011f\u0131r Ceza Mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan hi\u00e7bir gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6sterilmeden, yar\u0131m sayfal\u0131k bir kararla reddedildi. (37) Ki\u015filerin temyiz haklar\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilmeleri i\u00e7in dava dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n bir n\u00fcshas\u0131n\u0131 alma talepleri de Ankara 4. A\u011f\u0131r Ceza Mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan reddedildi.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><h2>b. T\u00fcrkiye \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Sekt\u00f6r Vakf\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (TUSEV) raporu<\/h2><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"26\"><li>\u015eubat 2021 tarihli rapor, T\u00fcrkiye\u2018nin ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele finansman\u0131 politikalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n orant\u0131l\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve me\u015fru sivil faaliyetleri aksatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla FATF tavsiyelerini ihlal etti\u011fi sonucuna varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (38)<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><h1>VIII. Ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele yasalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin uluslararas\u0131 yasal \u00e7er\u00e7eve<\/h1><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"27\"><li>Ter\u00f6rizm, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2018n\u0131n temel de\u011ferlerine (insan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131, hukuk kural\u0131, sivilleri koruyan sava\u015f kurallar\u0131, insanlar ve milletler aras\u0131nda ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc) zarar verir. (39) G\u00fcvenlik ayg\u0131tlar\u0131 ne kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olursa olsun, s\u00f6z konusu ter\u00f6rse, tarih, hi\u00e7bir \u00fclkenin tamamen g\u00fcvende olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispatlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadelede uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fi gereklidir, ancak \u201cter\u00f6rizm\u201d terimi i\u00e7in \u00fczerinde anla\u015fmaya var\u0131lm\u0131\u015f herhangi bir uluslararas\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131n olmamas\u0131 bu i\u015fbirli\u011fini etkisiz k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler, Avrupa Konseyi ve Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00e7e\u015fitli giri\u015fimlerde bulunmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u201cter\u00f6rizm\u201d teriminin tan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in evrensel bir uzla\u015fmaya varmada ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><h2>Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2018in ter\u00f6rizmi tan\u0131mlama giri\u015fimleri<\/h2><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"28\"><li>1999 tarihli Ter\u00f6rizmin Finansman\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6nlenmesine \u0130li\u015fkin Uluslararas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fme, ter\u00f6rizmi \u201ceylemin amac\u0131, do\u011fas\u0131 veya ba\u011flam\u0131 gere\u011fi, bir halk\u0131 korkutmak veya bir h\u00fck\u00fcmeti veya uluslararas\u0131 bir kurulu\u015fu herhangi bir eylemi yapmaya veya yapmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmaya zorlamak oldu\u011funda, bir sivilin veya bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmada aktif olarak yer almayan herhangi bir ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne veya ciddi \u015fekilde yaralanmas\u0131na neden olan herhangi bir eylem\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"29\"><li>2004 tarihli Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi karar\u0131 bu tan\u0131m\u0131 detayland\u0131rarak, ter\u00f6r eylemlerini, \u201c\u00f6l\u00fcm veya ciddi bedensel yaralanmaya neden olmak amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lan sivillere kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7 eylemleri d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, bir devleti k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmak amac\u0131yla rehin alma veya rehin alma, genel kamuoyunda veya bir grup ki\u015fi veya belirli ki\u015filerdeki ter\u00f6r, bir n\u00fcfusu sindirmek veya bir H\u00fck\u00fcmeti veya uluslararas\u0131 bir \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc herhangi bir eylemi yapmaya veya yapmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmaya zorlamak\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (40) BM Genel Kurulu, bu tan\u0131m\u0131 Ocak 2006\u2018da (Karar 60\/43) yeniden teyit ederek, ter\u00f6r eylemleri i\u00e7in \u201cSiyasi ama\u00e7larla, kamuoyunda, bir grupta veya belirli ki\u015filerde ter\u00f6r\u00fc k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmak i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f veya hesaplanm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 eylemleri.\u201d (41) demi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><h2>Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin ter\u00f6rizmi tan\u0131mlama giri\u015fimleri<\/h2><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"30\"><li>1977 tarihli Ter\u00f6rizmin \u00d6nlenmesine \u0130li\u015fkin Avrupa S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde ter\u00f6rizmin bir tan\u0131m\u0131 yoktur. Bu eksikli\u011fi gidermek i\u00e7in, Avrupa Birli\u011fi Konseyinin 13 Haziran 2002 tarihli \u00c7er\u00e7eve Karar\u0131 ter\u00f6r su\u00e7unun tan\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir k\u0131lavuz sundu. (42) \u00c7er\u00e7eve Karar\u0131n 1. Maddesi\u2019ne g\u00f6re, ter\u00f6r su\u00e7lar\u0131, niteli\u011fi veya ba\u011flam\u0131 itibar\u0131yla bir \u00fclkeye veya uluslararas\u0131 bir kurulu\u015fa ciddi \u015fekilde zarar verebilecek ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ama\u00e7larla i\u015flenen ulusal hukuk kapsam\u0131ndaki su\u00e7lard\u0131r: bir devlete veya uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fcte ciddi bir zarar verme; toplumu ciddi \u015fekilde korkutma; bir devlet y\u00f6netimini veya uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc bir eylemi yapmaya veya yapmamaya zorlama; veya bir devletin veya uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn temel siyasi, anayasal, ekonomik ve sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 esasl\u0131 \u015fekilde bozmaya veya ortadan kald\u0131rma amac\u0131 g\u00fcden, \u201c(a) \u00d6ld\u00fcrme, (b) Ki\u015finin beden b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131, (c) Ka\u00e7\u0131rma ve rehin alma, (d) Bir devlete veya kamu mal\u0131na, ula\u015f\u0131m sistemine, dijital ve haberle\u015fme sistemleri de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere altyap\u0131 sistemlerine, k\u0131ta sahanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bulunan sabit platformlara, kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k yerlere veya \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete, hayat kayb\u0131 veya a\u011f\u0131r ekonomik zarar verebilecek nitelikte ciddi zarar verme, (e) Hava arac\u0131, gemi ve di\u011fer kamu ve \u00f6zel ta\u015f\u0131ma ara\u00e7lar\u0131na el koyma, (f) Silah, patlay\u0131c\u0131, n\u00fckleer, biyolojik veya kimyasal silah \u00fcretme, zilyetli\u011finde bulundurma, sat\u0131n alma ile biyolojik ve kimyasal silahlar ile ilgili ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme faaliyetlerinde bulunma, (g) \u0130nsan hayat\u0131na zarar verecek \u015fekilde tehlikeli madde kullanmak veya yang\u0131n, sel veya patlamaya yol a\u00e7ma, (h) Su, enerji ve di\u011fer do\u011fal kaynaklara insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeye atacak \u015fekilde m\u00fcdahale etme, (\u0131) Yukar\u0131daki eylemlerden birini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme tehdidinde bulunma\u201d.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><h2>Avrupa Konseyi<\/h2><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"31\"><li>Avrupa Konseyi\u2018nin 2005 tarihli Ter\u00f6rizmin \u00d6nlenmesi S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2018ne g\u00f6re, \u201cTer\u00f6r eylemleri, nitelikleri veya ba\u011flamlar\u0131 gere\u011fi, bir n\u00fcfusu ciddi \u015fekilde korkutmak veya bir h\u00fck\u00fcmeti veya uluslararas\u0131 bir kurulu\u015fu herhangi bir eylemi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye veya yapmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nd\u0131rmay\u0131 veya \u00fclkenin ya da uluslararas\u0131 bir kurulu\u015fun temel siyasi, anayasal, ekonomik veya sosyal yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ciddi \u015fekilde istikrars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 veya yok etmeyi ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r.\u201d (43)<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><h2>\u0130nsan hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin g\u00f6zetilmesi ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadelenin ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/h2><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"32\"><li>Ter\u00f6r eylemleri, insan hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri ihlalini beraberinde getirir. Ter\u00f6r eylemleri \u201cinsan haklar\u0131n\u0131, temel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri ve demokrasiyi [&#8230;,] yok etmeyi ama\u00e7lar [&#8230;,] \u00e7o\u011fulcu sivil toplumu zay\u0131flat\u0131r ve devletlerin ekonomik ve sosyal kalk\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00fczerinde olumsuz sonu\u00e7lara sahiptir\u201d. (44) Ter\u00f6r eylemleri \u201cher yerde masum ya\u015famlar\u0131 ve insan onurunu ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fini tehlikeye sokar, t\u00fcm devletlerin sosyal ve ekonomik geli\u015fimini tehdit eder ve k\u00fcresel istikrar ve refah\u0131 baltalar.\u201d (45)<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"33\"><li>Devletler, yetkileri alt\u0131ndaki bireyleri ter\u00f6r eylemlerinden korumakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Devletler, ter\u00f6r eylemlerini su\u00e7 saymak ve \u00f6nlemek ve bu t\u00fcr eylemlerden sorumlu olanlar\u0131 adalete teslim etmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ancak, devletler bunu yasalara uyarak ve insan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131 duyarak yapmal\u0131d\u0131r. BM Genel Kurulu, ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele tedbirlerinde, insan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131n\u0131n esas al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ciddiyetle yeniden onaylayarak, etkili ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele tedbirlerinin ve insan haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131n birbiriyle \u00e7eli\u015fen hedefler olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 ve birbirini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir. (46, 47) 60\/288 say\u0131l\u0131 Genel Kurul Karar\u0131 ile kabul edilen Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler K\u00fcresel Ter\u00f6rle M\u00fccadele Stratejisi\u2018nde, herkes i\u00e7in insan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmesini sa\u011flayacak \u00f6nlemler ortaya konmu\u015f ve hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadelenin d\u00f6rt temel dire\u011finden biri olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. (48)<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><h2>\u201cHukuksuz ceza olmaz\u201d ilkesi, hukukun kalitesi ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirlik<\/h2><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"34\"><li>\u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Evrensel Beyannamesi\u2018nin (\u0130HEB) 11. Maddesi, (49) Ki\u015fisel ve Siyasal Haklar Uluslararas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2018nin (ICCPR) 15. Maddesi, (50) Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2018nin (A\u0130HS) ise 7. Maddesinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen \u201chukuksuz ceza olmaz\u201d ilkesi, devletlerin ter\u00f6r ve ter\u00f6r ile ilgili eylemleri su\u00e7 sayarken ve kovu\u015ftururken uymas\u0131 gereken insan haklar\u0131ndan biridir. Bir eylemin su\u00e7 te\u015fkil edece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rmek, kanunilik ilkesine sayg\u0131 duyuldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez. S\u00f6z konusu yasa, ulusal mahkemeler taraf\u0131ndan keyfili\u011fi \u00f6nlemek ad\u0131na hem eri\u015filebilir hem de \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir ve de bireylerin ona uygun olarak hareket edebilmeleri i\u00e7in yeterince a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131 gerekir. (51) Keyfi kovu\u015fturmalara, mahk\u00fbmiyetlere ve cezalara kar\u015f\u0131 etkili bir koruma sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, cezai yapt\u0131r\u0131m uygulayan kanunlar, yasaklanan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u201cadil\u201d olacak \u015fekilde yazmal\u0131d\u0131r. (52, 53, 54) \u201cHukuk\u201d kavram\u0131, \u201ceri\u015filebilirlik ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirlik de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere niteliksel gereklilikler\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir. Buna g\u00f6re, su\u00e7lar ve ilgili cezalar kanunda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a tan\u0131mlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Birey, ilgili h\u00fckm\u00fcn lafz\u0131ndan ve gerekirse mahkemelerin yorumlar\u0131ndan da yararlanarak ya da uygun yasal tavsiye yoluyla, ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re makul bir dereceye kadar hangi eylemlerin ve ihmallerin onu cezai sorumlu k\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildi\u011fi zaman bu gereklilik kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yor. (55) \u0130kinci olarak, yasan\u0131n yarg\u0131sal geli\u015fiminin oldu\u011fu yerde, herhangi bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir olmal\u0131d\u0131r. (56)<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"35\"><li>Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi, BM \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Komitesi, Ter\u00f6rle M\u00fccadelede \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 \u00d6zel Raport\u00f6r\u00fc ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Y\u00fcksek Komiseri, bir\u00e7ok devletin ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele mevzuat\u0131n\u0131n eri\u015filebilirlik ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirlik gereksinimlerini kar\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusundaki endi\u015felerini s\u0131kl\u0131kla dile getiriyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00fcye devletlerin ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele mevzuat\u0131n\u0131 incelerken \u015fu ele\u015ftirileri dile getirmi\u015flerdir:<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li>\u201cTer\u00f6rizm ve ter\u00f6r eyleminin \u00f6zellikle geni\u015f tan\u0131mlar\u0131nda eksiklik; \u2026 Taraf Devlet, ter\u00f6rizmle ve bunun ciddi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla e\u015fitlenebilecek su\u00e7larla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131, daha dar bir ter\u00f6r su\u00e7lar\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131 benimsemelidir.\u201d (57)<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li>\u201cBelli belirsiz tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f [ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleriyle] i\u015fbirli\u011fi su\u00e7unun, herhangi bir \u015fiddet eylemiyle ilgisi olmayan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 kapsayacak \u015fekilde geni\u015fletilme riski vard\u0131r\u201d ve \u201cter\u00f6r su\u00e7lar\u0131yla ilgili baz\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin \u2026 Ceza Kanunu\u2018ndaki mu\u011fl\u00e2kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018kaygan bir zemin\u2019, yani ter\u00f6rizm kavram\u0131n\u0131n, genel n\u00fcfusa kar\u015f\u0131 ciddi \u015fiddet eylemlerine denk gelmeyen ve bunlarla yeterli ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olmayan eylemlere kademeli olarak geni\u015flemesi riskini ta\u015f\u0131r.\u201d (58)<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li>\u201cTer\u00f6rizm kavram\u0131n\u0131n, genel n\u00fcfusun \u00fcyelerine kar\u015f\u0131 ciddi \u015fiddet eylemlerine denk gelmeyen ve bunlarla yeterli ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olmayan eylemlere kademeli olarak geni\u015flemesi riskini ta\u015f\u0131r.\u201d (59)<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"36\"><li>\u00d6rf ve adet hukukunda, ceza kanunlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirli\u011finin g\u00f6zetilmesi gereklili\u011fini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u201cbelirsizli\u011fi ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131lma\u201d doktrini olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri Y\u00fcksek Mahkemesi \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yler: \u201cYasaklamalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a tan\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015fsa, bir yasan\u0131n belirsizlik nedeniyle ge\u00e7ersiz olmas\u0131 yasal s\u00fcrecin temel bir ilkesidir. Belirsiz yasalar baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli de\u011ferlerin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7er. \u0130lk olarak, insan\u0131n yasal ve yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f aras\u0131nda karar vermekte \u00f6zg\u00fcr oldu\u011funu varsayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in, yasalar s\u0131radan zekaya sahip ki\u015fiye, buna g\u00f6re hareket edebilmesi i\u00e7in neyin yasak oldu\u011funu bilme konusunda f\u0131rsat vermeli. Belirsiz yasalar, adil uyar\u0131 vermeyerek masumlar\u0131 tuza\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilir. \u0130kinci olarak, e\u011fer keyfi ve ayr\u0131mc\u0131 uygulama engellenecekse, kanunlar onlar\u0131 uygulayanlar i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131k standartlar sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r. Belirsiz bir yasa, keyfi ve ayr\u0131mc\u0131 uygulaman\u0131n beraberindeki tehlikeleriyle birlikte, ge\u00e7ici ve \u00f6znel bir temelde karar almalar\u0131 i\u00e7in temel politika meselelerini polis memurlar\u0131na, yarg\u0131\u00e7lara ve j\u00fcrilere kabul edilemez bir \u015fekilde devreder.\u201d<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"37\"><li>Ter\u00f6rizm i\u00e7in evrensel bir tan\u0131m\u0131n olmamas\u0131, ter\u00f6rist olmayanlar\u0131 ve hatta yasal faaliyetleri engellemek i\u00e7in \u201cter\u00f6rizm\u201d teriminin siyasalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Baz\u0131 yasalar\u0131n \u00e7ok mu\u011fl\u00e2k ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 geni\u015f ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele mevzuat\u0131 vard\u0131r. Devletler, ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele yasalar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanarak, hatta baz\u0131 durumlarda silah haline getirerek bireylerin hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini ihlal etmektedir. Ter\u00f6r\u00fcn belirsiz ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 geni\u015f tan\u0131mlar\u0131, kanunsuz ceza olmaz ve geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck ceza yasa\u011f\u0131 ilkelerini ihlal eder. Bu sorunlar, T\u00fcrkiye\u2018nin ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele h\u00fck\u00fcmleri i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><h1>IX. Ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele yasalar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131<\/h1><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"38\"><li>2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda AKP h\u00fck\u00fcmeti G\u00fclen Hareketi\u2018ne kar\u015f\u0131 bir bask\u0131 kampanyas\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. Bu kampanya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan beri T\u00fcrk savc\u0131lar, G\u00fclen Hareketi\u2018ne ve h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ele\u015ftiren di\u011fer ki\u015filere y\u00f6nelik, ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. T\u00fcrkiye Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 istatistiklerine g\u00f6re, Cumhuriyet savc\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan TCK\u2019nin 314. maddesinin kullan\u0131m\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli bir art\u0131\u015f oldu; TCK\u2019nin 314. maddesi kapsam\u0131nda 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda 8.416, 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda 146.731, 2018\u2018de 115.753, 2019\u2018da 54.464 ve 2020\u2018de 33.885 su\u00e7 duyurusunda bulunuldu. Bu istatistikler, T\u00fcrk savc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n 2013-2020 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda TCK\u2019nin 314. maddesi kapsam\u0131nda toplamda 420.000\u2018den fazla su\u00e7lamada bulundu\u011funu ve 2016-2020 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ayn\u0131 madde kapsam\u0131nda 265.000\u2018den fazla ki\u015finin mahk\u00fbm edildi\u011fini vurgulamaktad\u0131r. (60)<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>2021 istatistikleri hen\u00fcz yay\u0131nlanmad\u0131. 20 \u015eubat 2021\u2018de \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 S\u00fcleyman Soylu, G\u00fclen Hareketi ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olduklar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle silahl\u0131 ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcne \u00fcye olduklar\u0131 iddias\u0131yla 622.646 ki\u015finin adli soru\u015fturmaya tabi tutuldu\u011funu ve bunlardan 301.932\u2018sinin g\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi. (61) Sonu\u00e7 olarak, Avrupa Konseyi\u2018nin bir raporuna g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye, ter\u00f6rle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 su\u00e7lardan h\u00fck\u00fcm alan en fazla mahk\u00fbm say\u0131s\u0131na sahip olup, Avrupa Konseyi \u00fcyesi \u00fclkelerde ter\u00f6rden h\u00fck\u00fcm giyen mahk\u00fbmlar\u0131n %95\u2018inden fazlas\u0131 T\u00fcrk hapishanelerinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. (62, 63)<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"39\"><li>A\u0130HM, Demirta\u015f davas\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2018nin ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201c\u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir\u201d olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2018yi ihlal etti\u011fine karar vermi\u015ftir. (64)<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"40\"><li>2016 darbe giri\u015fiminden sonra, \u00fclke genelindeki savc\u0131lar ve mahkemeler, bir ki\u015finin G\u00fclen Hareketi \u00fcyesi ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u201cter\u00f6rist\u201d olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek i\u00e7in bir de\u011fi\u015fkenler listesi benimsemi\u015ftir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fkenler genellikle \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>(i) Bank Asya\u2019ya para yat\u0131rma;<\/p><p>(ii) Bylock uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 indirme ya da kullanma;<\/p><p>(iii) Sosyal medya ve ziyaret edilen web sitelerinin analizi;<\/p><p>(iv) G\u00fclen Hareketi ile ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 oldu\u011fu iddia edilen Kimse Yok Mu gibi yard\u0131m kurulu\u015flar\u0131na yap\u0131lan ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar;<\/p><p>(v) G\u00fclen Hareketi ile ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131yla ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc hal kapsam\u0131nda kapat\u0131lan okul, \u00fcniversite ve yurtlarda ikamet veya \u00f6\u011frenci olmak veya \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 bu e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131na g\u00f6ndermek;<\/p><p>(vi) G\u00fclen Hareketi ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 s\u00fcreli yay\u0131nlara abonelik;<\/p><p>(vii) AKP h\u00fck\u00fcmetini ele\u015ftiren yedi televizyon kanal\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 durdurma karar\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak uydu televizyon sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 DIGITURK\u2018e olan aboneliklerin iptal edilmesi;<\/p><p>(viii) G\u00fclen Hareketi ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131yla ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc hal kapsam\u0131nda feshedilen\/ele ge\u00e7irilen \u015firketlerde hissedar olmak;<\/p><p>(ix) G\u00fclen Hareketi ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131yla ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc hal kapsam\u0131nda kapat\u0131lan\/da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan\/ele ge\u00e7irilen bir sendika, dernek, vak\u0131f veya \u015firketin y\u00f6neticisi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 veya \u00fcyesi olmak.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"41\"><li>Bu noktada, yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan t\u00fcrde faaliyetleri y\u00fcr\u00fctenlerin hepsinin, esas itibar\u0131yla yasal olan ve devlet lisanslar\u0131 veya yetkilendirmesi alt\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6steren kurulu\u015flar oldu\u011funu belirtmekte fayda var: televizyon kanallar\u0131, \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yetki ve denetimi alt\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6steren Bank Asya (65, 66), Kimse Yok Mu (67), okullar (68), \u00fcniversiteler (69) ve dernekler. (70)<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Ayr\u0131ca, bu kurulu\u015flar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funa vergi muafiyeti (71), kamu yarar\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan dernek (72), devlet s\u00fcbvansiyonu veya \u00fcst\u00fcn bir kamu hizmeti \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc gibi \u00f6zel unvanlar ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar verilmi\u015fti. (73) Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, bunlar\u0131n hepsi Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi (A\u0130HS) taraf\u0131ndan korunan haklar kapsam\u0131ndaki yasal faaliyetlerdi.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"42\"><li>\u0130kincil Sonu\u00e7:<\/li><li>a) G\u00fclen Hareketi\u2018nin BM, AB veya T\u00fcrkiye d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u00fclkede ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olarak tan\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131; ve<\/li><li>b) T\u00fcrkiye\u2018nin bir ki\u015fiyi ter\u00f6rist ilan etmek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fkenler, ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele i\u00e7in BM, AB ve Avrupa Konseyi taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan yasal \u00e7er\u00e7eveye ve herhangi bir uluslararas\u0131 anla\u015fma veya h\u00fck\u00fcm ile hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde uyu\u015fmamaktad\u0131r.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><h1>X. FATF standartlar\u0131n\u0131n istenmeyen sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/h1><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"43\"><li>FATF taraf\u0131ndan Ekim 2021\u2018de yay\u0131nlanan bir \u00f6zette (74), FATF, ortaya koydu\u011fu standartlar\u0131n masum olan ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer aleyhine istenmeyen sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furdu\u011funu itiraf etti. FATF\u2018ye g\u00f6re, istenmeyen sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n temalar\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u015funlard\u0131r: (1) Riskten ar\u0131nd\u0131rma; (2) Finansal D\u0131\u015flama; (3) \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n K\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131; ve (4) K\u00e2r amac\u0131 g\u00fctmeyen kurulu\u015flar\u0131n gereksiz yere hedeflenmesi. Konumuzla en alakal\u0131 olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in bunlardan ilk \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc ele alaca\u011f\u0131z. (75)<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3>Riskten ar\u0131nd\u0131rma:<\/h3><p>FATF\u2018nin risk temelli yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 do\u011frultusunda, riski y\u00f6netmekten ziyade \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, m\u00fc\u015fteriler veya m\u00fc\u015fteri kategorileri ile i\u015f ili\u015fkilerini sonland\u0131ran veya k\u0131s\u0131tlayan finansal kurulu\u015flar olgusudur. (76)<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3>Finansal D\u0131\u015flama:<\/h3><p>FATF Standartlar\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f uygulanmas\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle risk temelli yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n merkezinde yer alan orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131, finansal d\u0131\u015flanmaya yol a\u00e7abilecek veya bu durumu art\u0131rabilecektir. FATF, finansal d\u0131\u015flanmaya katk\u0131da bulunan iki ana fakt\u00f6r oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir. Birincisi, FATF Standartlar\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f uygulanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an \u00fclke veya \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r d\u00fczeyinde uygulama sorunlar\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle risk temelli yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n merkezinde yer alan orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131. \u0130kinci olarak, FATF ve di\u011fer faaliyetler, mali d\u0131\u015flanman\u0131n etkisini anlamak i\u00e7in yetkilileri, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ve de\u011ferlendirme ekiplerini yeterince te\u015fvik etmemektedir. FATF Standartlar\u0131 \u00f6ncelikle y\u00fcksek riskli durumlara odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, y\u00fcksek riskli durumlarda geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00f6nlemler zorunludur. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck riskli durumlarda ise basitle\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00f6nlemler iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. (77)<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3>\u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n K\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131:<\/h3><p>FATF ayr\u0131ca, standartlar\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f uygulanmas\u0131yla alakal\u0131 \u00f6rnekler hakk\u0131nda bilgilendirildi\u011fini de s\u00f6yledi\u2026 FATF\u2019e g\u00f6re, FATF Standartlar\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakiler de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, yasal s\u00fcreci ve usul haklar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyebilece\u011fi birka\u00e7 durum var:<\/p><p>&#8211; orant\u0131s\u0131z yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar da dahil olmak \u00fczere, \u00f6nleyici tedbirlerin hatal\u0131 uygulanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilecek yasal ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele finansman\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evelerinde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 geni\u015f veya belirsiz su\u00e7lar;<\/p><p>&#8211; masumiyet karinesi ve ki\u015finin mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan korunma hakk\u0131 gibi ter\u00f6r\u00fcn finansman\u0131 ve kara para aklama su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n soru\u015fturulmas\u0131 ve kovu\u015fturulmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin konular; ve<\/p><p>&#8211; inceleme, atamalara itiraz etme ve temel harcama haklar\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere malvarl\u0131klar\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin yasal s\u00fcre\u00e7 ve usul sorunlar\u0131yla ilgili Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ve FATF Standartlar\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f uygulanmas\u0131. (78)<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h1>XI. Sonu\u00e7<\/h1><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"44\"><li>Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sonu\u00e7lar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir:<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol><li>FATF standartlar\u0131, devletlerin, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 daha g\u00fcvenli hale getirmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele finansman\u0131 ve kara para aklama standartlar\u0131na uygunlu\u011funu kontrol etmenin bir yolu olarak \u00f6nemlidir; ancak, FATF\u2019nin kabul etti\u011fi gibi, ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele finansman\u0131 ve kara para aklama standartlar\u0131, siyasi ama\u00e7larla kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmaya e\u011filimlidir ve istenmeyen sonu\u00e7lara da yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol><li>Kara para aklaman\u0131n evrensel olarak bir tan\u0131m\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, ter\u00f6rizm ve ter\u00f6rizmin finansman\u0131 gibi ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 su\u00e7lar\u0131n evrensel bir tan\u0131m\u0131 yoktur. Bu durum, bu t\u00fcr su\u00e7lar\u0131n siyasi muhaliflere ve sivil toplum akt\u00f6rlerine zulmetmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilece\u011fine dair bir tehdit olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu tehdit, su\u00e7 kapsam\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki \u015fema gibi bireylerin ter\u00f6rist olarak listelenmesine kadar uzan\u0131yor. Bireylere, haklar\u0131n\u0131 aramak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok az f\u0131rsat b\u0131rak\u0131yor ve yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki ya\u015famlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde ciddi etkileri olabiliyor.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>iii. Yukar\u0131daki nedenlerden dolay\u0131, devletlerden gerekti\u011fi gibi istenen FATF standartlar\u0131, m\u00fclteci olarak ka\u00e7anlar da dahil, bireylerin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131s\u0131tlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir. FATF, standartlar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cba\u015fka bir motivasyonla mazeret olarak\u201d k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini kabul eder. (79)<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol><li>FATF standartlar\u0131n\u0131n bu \u015fekilde k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sadece ki\u015fisel haklar \u00fczerinde ciddi zararlara sebep olmuyor. Siyasi muhaliflerine zulmetmek i\u00e7in geni\u015f tedbirler kullanan devletler, ter\u00f6rizmi ve ter\u00f6r\u00fcn finansman\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in hedeflenen tedbirleri \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi alm\u0131yor ve bu devletlerde bu eylemlerden korunmada bir g\u00fcvenlik zaaf\u0131 olu\u015fuyor. B\u00f6ylece, FATF standartlar\u0131, FATF taraf\u0131ndan ama\u00e7lanan\u0131n tam tersi bir etkiye sahip olabiliyor.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol><li>FATF, yaln\u0131zca siyasi nedenlerle mu\u011flak ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele h\u00fck\u00fcmleri alt\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6sterenleri korumak i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda standartlar\u0131n\u0131n, temel ama\u00e7lar\u0131 olan ter\u00f6rizmi ve ter\u00f6r\u00fcn finansman\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeyi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in de \u00f6nlemler almal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol><li>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele tedbirlerini k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanmas\u0131, yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi gibi detaylarla belgelenmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>vii. G\u00fclen Hareketi, T\u00fcrkiye d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u00fclke taraf\u0131ndan ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olarak tan\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulayacak hi\u00e7bir kan\u0131t yoktur.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>viii. T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin bir ki\u015finin G\u00fclen Hareketi \u00fcyeli\u011fini belirlemek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fkenler, BM, AB ve Avrupa Konseyi\u2019nin ortaya koydu\u011fu yasal \u00e7er\u00e7eveye girmemekte, tam tersine \u0130HEB, ICCPR ve A\u0130HS taraf\u0131ndan korunan hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler temel ilkelerini ihlal etmektedir. A\u0130HM, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201c\u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir\u201d olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019yi ihlal etti\u011fine karar vermi\u015ftir. (80)<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol><li>T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, ter\u00f6r\u00fcn finansman\u0131yla m\u00fccadele konusundaki uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fini uluslararas\u0131 bir bask\u0131 arac\u0131na \u00e7evirerek k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanmaktad\u0131r.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol><li>T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fayan muhalifleri hedef almak i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 finans kurumlar\u0131 ve finansal veri i\u015fleme \u015firketleri \u00fczerindeki etkisini k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanmaktad\u0131r.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><h1>XII. \u00d6neriler<\/h1><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"45\"><li>FATF\u2019ye, FATF tarz\u0131 b\u00f6lgesel kurulu\u015flara, ulusal mali y\u00f6netim yetkililerine ve mali d\u00fczenleyicilere:<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol><li>\u015eiddetli a\u015f\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nlemede ve m\u00fccadele etmede, insan haklar\u0131 savunucular\u0131 ve sivil toplum akt\u00f6rlerinin oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kilit rol\u00fc tam ve a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde kabul etmeli,<\/li><li>FATF \u00f6nlemlerinin siyasi bir zul\u00fcm arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine dair net bir beyanda bulunulmal\u0131,<\/li><\/ol><p>iii. \u0130nsan haklar\u0131 savunucular\u0131n\u0131, insan haklar\u0131 STK\u2019lar\u0131n\u0131 ve barolar\u0131 genel eylemlere ortak olarak dahil etmeli, ulusal d\u00fczeyde bu t\u00fcr kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 te\u015fvik etmeli ve halka dan\u0131\u015fma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kabul etmeli,<\/p><ol><li>Devletlerin FATF standartlar\u0131na ve insan haklar\u0131na uymalar\u0131 konusunda BM\u2019nin evrensel periyodik incelemeleri gibi periyodik izleme d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc ba\u015flat\u0131lmal\u0131,<\/li><li>Ter\u00f6r\u00fcn finansman\u0131 ve kara para aklama ile m\u00fccadele ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 art niyetle k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanan devletleri adland\u0131rmak ve k\u0131namak i\u00e7in bir \u201cistismar edenler listesi\u201d ba\u015flat\u0131lmal\u0131;<\/li><li>Hukukun kalitesi ilkesine ili\u015fkin A\u0130HM i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda devletlerin mevzuatlar\u0131 ve yasal h\u00fck\u00fcmleri g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmeli,<\/li><\/ol><p>vii. Uygunluklar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilirken, ilgili devletlere ili\u015fkin A\u0130HM karar\u0131 ile BM insan haklar\u0131 organlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve raporlar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131,<\/p><p>viii. Devletlerin yukar\u0131daki maddelere uyumuna ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenli incelemeler yapmak i\u00e7in, insan haklar\u0131 gruplar\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flarla birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131,<\/p><ol><li>Finansal kurumlara finansal kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n temel bir hak oldu\u011fu hat\u0131rlat\u0131lmal\u0131,<\/li><li>Finansal kurumlara ve finansal veri i\u015fleyici \u015firketlere, a) FATF\u2019nin Gri Listesine al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, veya b) uluslararas\u0131 mahkemelerin veya insan haklar\u0131 organlar\u0131n\u0131n insan haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini ihlal etti\u011fini veya belirsiz ve k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele veya Kara Para Aklamay\u0131 \u00d6nleme h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin var oldu\u011funu tespit etti\u011fi veya bildirdi\u011fi devletler s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, \u015fah\u0131slarla ilgili tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131n son derece dikkatli bir \u015fekilde ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi hat\u0131rlat\u0131lmal\u0131,<\/li><li>Finansal kurumlara ve finansal veri i\u015fleyici \u015firketlere, gazeteciler ve di\u011fer insan haklar\u0131 savunucular\u0131 ve siyasi m\u00fclteciler ile ilgili atamalarda son derece dikkatli davran\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi hat\u0131rlat\u0131lmal\u0131,<\/li><\/ol><p>xii. Tedbirlere maruz kalanlar\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famlar\u0131, siyasi g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc konulardan dolay\u0131 kesintiye u\u011frat\u0131lmamal\u0131.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol start=\"46\"><li>H\u00fck\u00fcmetlere:<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol><li>Ulus\u00f6tesi bask\u0131n\u0131n faydalar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in yasa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131,<\/li><li>Ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele yasalar\u0131n\u0131n ve ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle zulme u\u011frayan bireylere tazminat \u00f6denmesi i\u00e7in yasa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131,<\/li><\/ol><p>iii. Ulus\u00f6tesi bask\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131 kullanarak, s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde ya\u015fayanlara kar\u015f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r insan haklar\u0131 ihlallerinden sorumlu olan ki\u015filer i\u00e7in ulus\u00f6tesi bask\u0131ya girmenin maliyeti art\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 ve yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar kullan\u0131lmal\u0131,<\/p><ol><li>Finansal kurumlar\u0131n ve finansal veri i\u015fleyen \u015firketlerin daha fazla \u015feffafl\u0131\u011fa sahip olmalar\u0131, temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere ve \u00f6zellikle masumiyet karinesine uymalar\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131nmal\u0131,<\/li><li>\u00c7ok uluslu finans kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n ve finansal veri i\u015fleyen \u015firketlerin, \u00f6zellikle Ekonomik Kalk\u0131nma ve \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc ve BM\u2019ninkiler olmak \u00fczere, i\u015f ve insan haklar\u0131 y\u00f6nergelerine uymas\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131nmal\u0131,<\/li><li>Finansal kurumlara ve finansal veri i\u015fleyici \u015firketlere, a) FATF\u2019nin Gri Listesine al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, veya b) uluslararas\u0131 mahkemelerin veya insan haklar\u0131 organlar\u0131n\u0131n insan haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini ihlal etti\u011fini veya belirsiz ve k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele veya Kara Para Aklamay\u0131 \u00d6nleme h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin var oldu\u011funu tespit etti\u011fi veya bildirdi\u011fi devletler s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, verilerle ilgili olarak insan haklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin durum tespiti s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131nmal\u0131,<\/li><\/ol><p>vii. Finansal kurumlara, bir \u00fclke taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nan bir \u00f6nlemin veya haber makalelerinin kesin su\u00e7luluk kan\u0131t\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilemeyece\u011fini anlatmak i\u00e7in e\u011fitimler d\u00fczenlenmeli.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h1>Kaynaklar<\/h1><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>1) https:\/\/peacejustice.eu\/report-witch-hunts-judicial-club-platform-unity-judiciary\/<\/p><p>2) Anadolu Ajans\u0131, https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/tr\/turkiye\/icisleri-bakani-soylu-garaya-giden-hdpli-vekili-acikladi\/2151784<\/p><p>3) Ter\u00f6rle M\u00fccadele H\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131m\u0131 art\u0131yor (2013-2020) https:\/\/arrestedlawyers.org\/2021\/06\/10\/abuse-of-the-anti-terrorism-laws-by-turkey-is-steadily-increasing\/<\/p><p>4) Selahattin Demirta\u015f v. T\u00fcrkiye (No. 2), Ba\u015fvuru no. 14305\/17, http:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/fre?i=001-207173<\/p><p>5) T\u00fcrkiye\u2018de M\u00fclkiyet Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Erozyonu (27 Nisan 2020). SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3586084<\/p><p>6) Ibid.<\/p><p>7) https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-02\/Complete_FH_TransnationalRepressionReport2021_rev020221.pdf<\/p><p>8) Ibid, https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/turkey\/2018-01-29\/remarkable-scale-turkeys-global-purge<\/p><p>9) https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/tr\/15-temmuz-darbe-girisimi\/firari-fetoculer-icin-109-ulkeyle-iade-trafigi-yurutuldu\/2303943<\/p><p>10) https:\/\/arrestedlawyers.files.wordpress.com\/2020\/02\/extradition-to-turkey-one-way-ticket-to-torture-unfair-trial_.pdf<\/p><p>11) https:\/\/www.turkishminute.com\/2022\/04\/13\/ion-out-of-sight-not-out-of-reach\/<\/p><p>12) https:\/\/www.hurriyetdailynews.com\/interpol-rejects-turkeys-773-red-notice-requests-on-feto-official-165277<\/p><p>13) https:\/\/kronos35.news\/tr\/interpol-daire-baskani-sevgel-kirmizi-bulten-taleplerimiz-feto-teror-orgutu-olarak-gorulmedigi-icin-red-dediliyor\/<\/p><p>14) https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-02\/FH_TransnationalRepressionReport2021_rev020221_CaseStudy_Turkey.pdf<\/p><p>15) FATF, kara para aklamayla m\u00fccadeleye y\u00f6nelik politikalar geli\u015ftirmek \u00fczere G7\u2018nin giri\u015fimiyle 1989 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan uluslararas\u0131 bir kurulu\u015ftur. 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda, yetkisi ter\u00f6r finansman\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7erecek \u015fekilde geni\u015fletildi.<\/p><p>https:\/\/www.fatf-gafi.org\/about\/historyofthefatf\/<\/p><p>16) 6415 Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun 16.02.2013 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>17) https:\/\/www.fatf-gafi.org\/publications\/mutualevaluations\/documents\/mer-turkey-2019.html<\/p><p>18) https:\/\/stockholmcf.org\/turkey-freezes-assets-of-377-people-organizations-on-terror-charges\/<\/p><p>19) https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/finance-watchdog-grey-lists-turkey-threat-investment-2021-10-21\/<\/p><p>20) https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/europe\/turkey-freezes-assets-770-individuals-us-based-foundation-2021-12-24\/<\/p><p>21) https:\/\/www.resmigazete.gov.tr\/eskiler\/2021\/12\/20211224-16.pdf<\/p><p>22) https:\/\/internationaljournalists.org\/journalist-basri-dogan-received-the-royal-order-of-the-netherlands\/<\/p><p>23) https:\/\/dekanttekening.nl\/<\/p><p>24) https:\/\/www.indexoncensorship.org\/2018\/02\/turkey-reporter-stayed-one-step-ahead-of-crackdown\/<\/p><p>25) https:\/\/www.ifj.org\/media-centre\/news\/detail\/category\/press-releases\/article\/sweden-exiled-turkish-journalist-attacked-in-stockholm.html<\/p><p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 https:\/\/cpj.org\/2020\/09\/exiled-turkish-journalist-abdullah-bozkurt-attacked-in-stockholm\/<\/p><p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bozkurt Gazetecileri Koruma Cemiyeti\u2019ne verdi\u011fi deme\u00e7te, \u201cSald\u0131r\u0131da bir hedef g\u00f6zetildi\u011fini ve bu sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrg\u00fcndeki T\u00fcrk gazetecilere y\u00f6nelik y\u0131ld\u0131rma kampanyas\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Bu sald\u0131r\u0131da verilen a\u00e7\u0131k mesaj\u0131n da T\u00fcrk h\u00fckumetine kar\u015f\u0131 konu\u015fmay\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131n \u015feklinde oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum\u201d ifadelerini kulland\u0131. Nordic Monitor, AKP\u2019li Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan\u2019a y\u00f6nelik ele\u015ftirel yaz\u0131lar ile T\u00fcrk diplomat ve istihbarat ajanlar\u0131n\u0131n suistimallerine ili\u015fkin haberlere yer veriyordu.<\/p><p>26) https:\/\/nordicmonitor.com\/2021\/12\/swedish-supreme-court-rejects-turkeys-request\/<\/p><p>27) https:\/\/cpj.org\/2016\/12\/turkey-crackdown-chronicle-week-of-December-18\/<\/p><p>28) T\u00fcrkiye\u2018de M\u00fclkiyet Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Erozyonu (27 Nisan 2020). SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3586084<\/p><p>29) https:\/\/www.tbb.org.tr\/en\/Content\/Upload\/Dokuman\/189\/Banks_in_Turkey_2020.pdf<\/p><p>30) https:\/\/www.tcmb.gov.tr\/wps\/wcm\/connect\/EN\/TCMB+EN\/Main+Menu\/Core+Functions\/Payment+Services\/Payment+Institutions<\/p><p>31) https:\/\/www.tcmb.gov.tr\/wps\/wcm\/connect\/EN\/TCMB+EN\/Main+Menu\/Core+Functions\/Payment+Services\/Electronic+Money+Institutions<\/p><p>32) https:\/\/www.tcmb.gov.tr\/wps\/wcm\/connect\/EN\/TCMB+EN\/Main+Menu\/Core+Functions\/Payment+Services\/Payment+Services+Overview<\/p><p>33) https:\/\/www.welt.de\/wirtschaft\/article238072823\/Deutsche-Bank-kuendigt-Konten-von-Erdogan-Gegnern-in-Deutschland.html<\/p><p>34) Ter\u00f6rle M\u00fccadeleyi Silahland\u0131rmak: T\u00fcrkiye Ter\u00f6rizmin Finansman\u0131 De\u011ferlendirmesini Sivil Toplumu Hedef Almak \u0130\u00e7in Kullan\u0131yor<\/p><p>https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/EUR4442692021ENGLISH.pdf<\/p><p>35) Ankara 4. A\u011f\u0131r Ceza Mahkemesi, 2021\/102, 09.04.2021<\/p><p>36) Ankara 4. A\u011f\u0131r Ceza Mahkemesi, 2021\/355, 29.12.2021<\/p><p>37) Ankara 5. A\u011f\u0131r Ceza Mahkemesi, 2021\/239, 20.04.2021<\/p><p>38) Mali Eylem G\u00f6rev G\u00fcc\u00fc Tavsiyelerinin Uygulanmas\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Sivil Topluma Etkilerinin \u0130ncelenmesi, https:\/\/www.tusev.org.tr\/usrfiles\/images\/MaliEylemGorevGucuSivilToplum_26022021.pdf<\/p><p>39) Daha g\u00fcvenli bir d\u00fcnya: Ortak sorumlulu\u011fumuz: Tehditler, Zorluklar ve De\u011fi\u015fim \u00dczerine \u00dcst D\u00fczey Panel Raporu (Parag.148)<\/p><p>https:\/\/www.un.org\/ruleoflaw\/files\/gaA.59.565_En.pdf<\/p><p>40) Karar 1566 (2004) G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi taraf\u0131ndan 8 Ekim 2004 tarihinde 5053. toplant\u0131da kabul edildi.<\/p><p>https:\/\/www.un.org\/ruleoflaw\/files\/n0454282.pdf<\/p><p>41) Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Genel Kurulu Karar\u0131, A\/RES\/60\/43, 8 Aral\u0131k 2005, Uluslararas\u0131 ter\u00f6rizmi ortadan kald\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik tedbirler<\/p><p>42) https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=celex%3A32002F0475<\/p><p>43) https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/16808c3f55<\/p><p>44) BM Genel Kurul Karar\u0131 48\/122 (1993).<\/p><p>45) BM G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi Karar\u0131 1377 (2001).<\/p><p>46) A\/RES\/60\/288, 2006, K\u00fcresel Ter\u00f6rle M\u00fccadele Stratejisi<\/p><p>47) Daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckte: Herkes i\u00e7in kalk\u0131nma, g\u00fcvenlik ve insan haklar\u0131na do\u011fru; Genel Sekreter, BM D\u00f6k. A\/59\/2005 (2005).<\/p><p>48) https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/terrorism\/Publications\/Training_Curriculum_Module2\/17-04123_eBook_FINAL.pdf<\/p><p>49) https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/about-us\/universal-declaration-of-human-rights<\/p><p>50) https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/instruments-mechanisms\/instruments\/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights<\/p><p>51) Su\u00e7un tan\u0131m\u0131na ve uygulanacak cezaya ili\u015fkin yetersiz \u201chukuk kalitesi\u201d, S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2018nin 7. maddesinin ihlalini olu\u015fturur (Kafkaris \/ K\u0131br\u0131s [GC], \u00a7\u00a7 150 and 152).<\/p><p>52) https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/terrorism\/Publications\/Kenya%20HR%20manual\/Kenya_Manual_e-book.pdf<\/p><p>53) Bak\u0131n\u0131z, \u00f6rne\u011fin, A\u0130HM, Alimu\u00e7aj v. Arnavutluk, Ba\u015fvuru no. 20134\/05, 7 \u015eubat 2012 tarihli karar, parag. 149-151.<\/p><p>54) https:\/\/www.echr.coe.int\/Documents\/Guide_Art_7_ENG.pdf<\/p><p>55) Kantoni v. Fransa, \u00a7 29; Kafkas v. K\u0131br\u0131s [BD], \u00a7 140; Del Rio Prada v. \u0130spanya [BD], \u00a7 79<\/p><p>56) https:\/\/www.echr.coe.int\/Documents\/Research_report_quality_law_requirements_criminal_law_Art_7_ENG.PDF<\/p><p>57) \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Komitesinin Nihai G\u00f6zlemleri, Rusya Federasyonu (CCPR\/C\/RUS\/CO\/6), 29 Ekim 2009, Para. 3.<\/p><p>58) Ter\u00f6rle M\u00fccadele S\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 \u00d6zel Raport\u00f6r\u00fc Raporu, \u0130spanya (A\/HRC\/10\/3\/Add.2), 16 Aral\u0131k 2008, Parag. 9 ve 52.<\/p><p>59) \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Komitesinin Sonu\u00e7 G\u00f6zlemleri, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k (CCPR\/C\/GBR\/CO\/6), 21 Temmuz 2008.<\/p><p>60) Bak\u0131n\u0131z, Dipnot 3<\/p><p>61) Anadolu Ajans\u0131, https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/tr\/turkiye\/icisleri-bakani-soylu-garaya-giden-hdpli-vekili-acikladi\/2151784<\/p><p>62) Avrupa Konseyi Y\u0131ll\u0131k ceza istatistikleri \u2013 SPACE I 2020, https:\/\/wp.unil.ch\/space\/files\/2021\/04\/210330_FinalReport_SPACE_I_2020.pdf<\/p><p>63) Sa\u011flam davas\u0131nda \u0130talya \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Federasyonu\u2018nun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131s m\u00fcdahalesi (Ba\u015fvuru no. 14894\/20), https:\/\/arrestedlawyers.files.wordpress.com\/2021\/10\/third-party-intervention-by-fidu-logo-12.10.2021.pdf<\/p><p>64) Selahattin Demirta\u015f (No. 2), Ba\u015fvuru no. 14305\/17, http:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/fre?i=001-207173<\/p><p>65) T\u00fcrk hukukuna g\u00f6re bankalar, d\u00fczenleyici bir kamu otoritesi taraf\u0131ndan verilen \u00f6zel bir lisansla kurulur.<\/p><p>66) Asya Finans Kurumu A.\u015e. (Bank Asya Kat\u0131l\u0131m Bankas\u0131), 11 Nisan 1996 tarihinde Bakanlar Kurulu\u2018nun onay ve izni ile kurulmu\u015ftur. A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f t\u00f6reni, d\u00f6nemin Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Tansu \u00c7iller, eski Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Abdullah G\u00fcl, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan ve di\u011fer siyasi ve sosyal se\u00e7kinlerin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Vergi ve sosyal g\u00fcvenlik primleri, para cezalar\u0131 vb. gibi di\u011fer kamu mali y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini tahsil etme yetkisine sahipti. Bankac\u0131l\u0131k D\u00fczenleme ve Denetleme Kurulu (BDDK), 3 May\u0131s 2015 tarihinde Bank Asya Y\u00f6netim Kurulu\u2018nu belirleyen imtiyazl\u0131 pay\u0131n y\u00fczde 63\u2018\u00fcn\u00fcn Tasarruf Mevduat\u0131 Sigorta Fonu (TMSF) taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verdi. Ard\u0131ndan, fonlama kurulunun 23 Temmuz 2016 tarih ve 29779 say\u0131l\u0131 Resmi Gazete\u2018de yay\u0131mlanan karar\u0131 ile Banka\u2018n\u0131n faaliyet izni iptal edilmi\u015f, faaliyetleri durdurulmu\u015f ve banka kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><p>67) Parlamento taraf\u0131ndan verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>68) T\u00fcrk yasalar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00f6zel okullar lisansl\u0131d\u0131r ve Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan denetlenmektedir.<\/p><p>69) T\u00fcrk hukukuna g\u00f6re vak\u0131f \u00fcniversiteleri, parlamento taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir kanunla kurulur ve bu nedenle kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi stat\u00fcs\u00fcne sahiptirler.<\/p><p>70) T\u00fcrk hukukuna g\u00f6re vak\u0131flar, mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilen bir yetkilendirme emriyle kurulur.<\/p><p>71) Bakanlar Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan verilen karar<\/p><p>72) Bakanlar Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan verilen karar<\/p><p>73) Kimse Yok Mu yard\u0131m kurulu\u015funa vergi muafiyeti, kamu yarar\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan dernekler stat\u00fcs\u00fc ve TBMM taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcst\u00fcn kamu hizmeti \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc verildi.<\/p><p>74) FATF standartlar\u0131n\u0131n istenmeyen sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, https:\/\/www.fatf-gafi.org\/media\/fatf\/documents\/Unintended-Consequences.pdf<\/p><p>75) Ibid.<\/p><p>76) FATF, riske dayal\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 netle\u015ftiriyor: toptan riskten ar\u0131nd\u0131rma de\u011fil, vaka baz\u0131nda, Ekim 2014, www.fatf-gafi.org\/documents\/documents\/rba-and-de-risking.html<\/p><p>77) FATF standartlar\u0131n\u0131n istenmeyen sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, https:\/\/www.fatf-gafi.org\/media\/fatf\/documents\/Unintended-Consequences.pdf<\/p><p>78) Ibid.<\/p><p>79) Ibid.<\/p><p>80) Selahattin Demirta\u015f (No. 2), Ba\u015fvuru no. 14305\/17, http:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/fre?i=001-207173<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dbcccb3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dbcccb3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4a8c0fb\" data-id=\"4a8c0fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae0a99 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2ae0a99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/internationaljournalists.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Mulke-El-Koyma.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">PDF'i Indir<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Table of Contents I. Giri\u015f \u00a0 Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin, ola\u011fan seyirde ter\u00f6r\u00fcn finansman\u0131 ile m\u00fccadelede kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele yasalar\u0131n\u0131 ve ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanmas\u0131yla ilgilidir. Yarg\u0131da Birlik (1) adl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmet yanl\u0131s\u0131 bir derne\u011fin Hakimler ve Savc\u0131lar Kurulu se\u00e7imlerini kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 2014 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana, T\u00fcrk makamlar\u0131, siyasi nedenlerle \u00fclkenin geni\u015fletilmi\u015f ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele yasalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":46993,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_jf_save_progress":"","_jf_limit_responses":"","jnews_page_loop":{"first_title":"Latest Post","header_type":"heading_6","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","module":"3","main_custom_image_size":"default","second_custom_image_size":"default","excerpt_length":"20","content_date":"default","date_custom":"Y\/m\/d","content_pagination":"nav_1","pagination_align":"center","post_sticky":"0","post_offset":"0","posts_per_page":"5","sort_by":"latest"},"jnews_single_page":{"layout":"no-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","show_post_title":"1","show_post_breadcrumbs":"1","show_post_featured":"1","share_position":"top","share_color":"share-monocrhome"},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-47504","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gazetecilerin M\u00fclk\u00fcne El Koyma Uygulamas\u0131 - International Journalists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/internationaljournalists.org\/tr\/gazetecilerin-mulkune-el-koyma-uygulamasi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Gazetecilerin M\u00fclk\u00fcne El Koyma Uygulamas\u0131 - International Journalists\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Table of Contents I. Giri\u015f \u00a0 Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin, ola\u011fan seyirde ter\u00f6r\u00fcn finansman\u0131 ile m\u00fccadelede kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele yasalar\u0131n\u0131 ve ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanmas\u0131yla ilgilidir. 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